双宾语的“三重门”

时间:2022-05-29 06:35:53

能带双宾语的及物动词,我们接触最早的当属give这个动词,记忆起来相当的简单。但事实上,双宾语结构并非“so easy”,我们首先以五个句子来重温一下双宾语结构的语法要点。

①The company paid the customer $100 as compensation.

②The company paid $100 to the customer as compe-nsation.

③The compensation was $100, and the company paid it to the customer without delay.

④The customer was paid $100 as compensation.

⑤$100 was paid to the customer as compensation.

上面五个句子都是关于pay这个动词带双宾语的语法要点,第一句代表paysth;第二句代表了直接宾语和间接宾语的位置变更,pay通常搭配to,即pay sth to sb;第三句代表了双宾语动词遇到直接宾语是代词的情况,此时要将充当直接宾语的代词置于间接宾语之前;第四句和第五句则分别以间接宾语和直接宾语为主语把句子变成被动语态,呈现了双宾语的基本被动语态法则。

似乎只要掌握上面五个句子,就能让你一脚踏入了双宾语之门,但实际上没有那么简单。要想掌握双宾语的门道,你不仅需要知道哪些动词可以带双宾语,更要知道,那些似乎能带但事实上不能带双宾语的动词到底该如何使用。本文将彻底为你解惑。

第一重门:直接带双宾语的动词

通常认为,英语中有如下动词可以带双宾语,它们是:accord,afford,allocate,allow,appoint,ask,assign,assure,award,bake,bet,bring,build,buy,call,catch,cause,charge,cook,cost,cut,deal,deliver,deny,design,do,draw,drop,earn,feed,find,fine,forgive,get,give,grant,guarantee,hand,hunt,keep,leave,lend,lose,make,mail,name,offer,order,overpay,owe,pass,pay,permit,play,prescribe,profit,promise,purchase,quote,read,refuse,render,save,sell,send,serve,set,show,spare,supply,take,teach,tell,throw,win,wish,write等。

1.The mayor ______ the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed in rescuing the earthquake victims.

A.rewarded B.awarded C.credited D.prized

2. However, they persevered and their bone structure gradually became adapted to the new, unstable position that ______ them the name Homo erectus, upright man.

A.obtained B.called C.deserved D.earned

【点拨】第1题reward是奖赏,酬谢;award是颁发,赏给;credit是赊欠,给予荣誉;prize是珍视,估价。横线后同时有the police officer和a medal of honor两个宾语,可见横线处需要一个双宾语动词,只有B项能带双宾语,意思极为接近的reward不能带双宾语,常用的是rewardfor sth或rewardwith sth这两个结构。第2题横线后有them和the name两个宾语,四个选项中,obtain和deserve后跟单宾语,只有call和earn可以接双宾语。根据句子意思,此处earn的意思“(为……)博得,使得到”更贴合句意,故选D项。

第二重门:意义固定的双宾语动词

上述两个例题告诉我们,理解双宾语的意义非常有利于排除选项。但在众多的双宾语动词中,有些动词在带双宾语的时候,意义是固定的,可能并非你通常记忆的动词含义,需要我们留意。比如afford这个动词,带双宾语时表示的是“提供”“给予”的含义,而不是“负担得起”,如:History affords lessons to us. 或者History affords us lessons. 历史给我们提供经验教训。再比如备受争议的supply,关于其能否带双宾语,语法学专家之间也有不同看法,本文将其纳入双宾语动词范畴。supply带双宾语时,其意义相当于give,如supply us some more drinks,就等于give us some more drinks。类似的还有profit,如that profited him nothing等同于that gave him nothing。那么与supply同义的provide又为何没有被纳入呢?这是因为动词provide后面接双宾语的情况仅在口语中较为普遍,正规语法中大部分语法专家都会要求provide由with带出间接宾语,但此时其实已非双宾语。再比如很多语法书或者语法网站上都将return归为可以带双宾语的动词,但事实上不尽然。returnsth的用法在native speakers中较为罕见,一般还是说return sth to sb,所以上述双宾语动词中,本文也没有包括return这个动词。

那在考试中如何抉择呢?可以用supplysth吗?建议遵循“结构优先”原则,以supply和provide为例,优先使用supply/providewith sth=supply/provide sth for sb=supply sth to sb。

温馨提示:supply sth to sb,其中的sb是接收者;而supply sth for sb,for表示的是for sb’s use或者for sb’s benefit的含义,注意两者的区别。

三重门:搭配介词的双宾语动词

为了方便记忆,我们将上述动词根据其直接宾语和间接宾语位置调换时所搭配介词的不同,通常分为四类。

第一类:双宾语易位时需借助to的动词有award,bring,deny,feed,give,hand,lend,mail,offer,owe,pass,post,promise,read,sell,send,serve,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write等。此时若直接宾语很长,如I will sell the television with the forty-inch screen and surround sound to him.为了句式更加好看且易于理解,则不宜易位,此句应变为I will sell him the television with the forty-inch screen and surround sound.

第二类:双宾语易位时需借助for的主要动词有bake,build,buy,cook,design,do,draw,find,get,make,order,prescribe,save,sing,spare等。

第三类:双宾语易位时需借助to或者for的常见动词有bring, leave, play等,有时意义稍有差异,请参照上文所述的关于supply sth to sb和supply sth for sb的区别。

第四类:双宾语无法易位,且既不需要to也不需要for的动词有allow,ask,bet,charge,cost,fine,forgive,refuse,wish等。此处以ask为例,如He asked the librarian the title.我们不能说成He asked the title to the librarian.

3. Careless driving almost him his life.

A.spent B.took C.cost D.called off

【点拨】此题横线处有him和his life两个宾语,而四个选项中只有B、C两项可以带双宾语,故可以迅速排除A项和D项。再结合意义,take带双宾语时若用takesth的结构,此时这个sth常常是时间,即我们通常所见的It takessome time to do的结构,故排除,锁定答案C项,意思是“使付出了……的代价”。

最后我们来看两类似是而非双宾语的动词,第一类:只能搭配介词to,主要有announce, communicate,contribute,convey,describe,deliver,explain,introduce,mention,prove,return,submit,suggest,transfer等,这些动词后跟有两个宾语,且必须跟介词to,但并非双宾语结构。以suggest为例,我们不能用suggeststh,而通常要用 suggest sth to sb,而倘若其中的直接宾语比较复杂(比如是that 从句)时,常改用 suggest tosth的结构。

正:I suggested to him that we should tackle the problem another way.

误:I suggested him that we should tackle the problem another way.

所以,explain就可以说成explain sth to sb,或者explain tosth(此时sth较长)。

第二类:只能搭配of,常见结构有informof sth, to remindof sth, ridof sth, warnof sth, robof sth, cheatof sth, cureof sth, accuseof sth等,这些也同样不是双宾语结构,但往往混淆了我们的视线,因为它们本身也非常重要,值得记忆。

掌握了以上这些,你才可以说自己真正了解双宾语“三重门”的境界。

推荐阅读:如何区分that和what?敬请关注本期同步推出的《求学》理科版“新生语法系列”之《穿越从句“迷宫”:that VS what》,为你拨开that和what的从句“迷云”。

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