说明文 第4期

写法指导

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它主要用来说明事物的特点、发展变化规律及分析前因后果，目的在于使读者获得必要的信息，使人们对事物有个清晰、完整的了解和认识。说明文分为三种类型：实体事物说明文，包括说明书、广告、解说词等；事理说明文，包括理论性概念解释、书文简介、教材等；文艺性说明文，即要把说明的对象拟人化，进而编成一个故事介绍给读者。

写说明文要注意以下几点：

1．要抓准特征。对某一事物予以说明，首先要弄清从哪些方面加以说明才能准确地反映被说明的事物。一般说来，说明事物可以从被说明事物的颜色、形状、形态；性质、性能、习性；原因、原理；作用、用途、功能；危害、影响；结构；操作过程；发生、发展的规律等方面着手。但是，每一事物都有它自己的特征，从而显示出了这一事物与其他事物的根本区别，因此，在说明事物时，不要面面俱到，要抓住事物的特征，这样才能使读者得到具体而深刻的印象。

2．层次要分明。说明事物要注意条理，否则就不可能说清复杂的事物。例如说明事物的结构，就要按照构造的顺序来说明，或从上到下，或从前到后，或由外到里，或由主到次。又如说明四季的变化，就要按照时间的顺序(spring, summer, autumn, winter)来写。

3．解析要清楚。对各种知识所作的解释，对某种事物所作的说明，都要清楚明白。

4.表现手法要多样。常见的说明文方法有：①下定义。②举例子。③运用比喻、比拟的方法。④做比较。⑤引用数字。⑥分类别。⑦列图表。

5.用词要力求准确。引用的数据要绝对可靠，文字要简明扼要，一目了然。这是写说明文在语言文字上的要求。

请看下面的例文：

例文

Hello，friend,

You are warmly welcomed to our school. I'm Wu Dong.I'm very glad to be your guide. First, I'd like to tell you something about our school. It was set up in 1957. The number of students is over 1,200, and the number of the teachers is about 100. There are altogether 20 classes. Besides the teaching buildings, we have a library for different kinds of subjects, and a school-run workshop.

We have four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon. After classes, we join in various activities, such as ball games, painting, singing and dancing.

Now let me show you around our school. This way, please.

名师点评

本文是一篇说明文，是由学生接待来访的朋友，向人们介绍本校的情况。本文目的明确，材料准确、翔实，语言简练，并能按一定的顺序来写，是一篇较好的说明文。

佳作展示

My Pencil-box

I have a very beautiful pencil-box. I like it very much. One day six years ago when I was in the primary school, my mother took me to a shop to buy the pencil-box. I still remember that first I saw a big and beautiful one, but it was not strong enough. I didn't like it at all. Then we continued to look for another pencil-box. Suddenly I saw a very small but nice one, and it was also stronger than others. So I was very glad ① to buy it, on which ② we only spent five yuan.

I looked at the pencil-box carefully. There were two cats and some mice on it. The cats didn't want to eat the mice. They seemed to be very friendly. They even played together happily. How funny!

Since I had the pencil-box, I could put my articles (用品)for study such as rubber,ballpens, knife, ruler in it. When I was doing my lessons or homework ③, I could use some of them freely.Since then I wasn't afraid to lose them any longer. The box became my good friend. How good and convenient(方便) !

Now I am in Junior Three. The pencil-box is still with me. The picture of cats and mice can't be seen any more, but it doesn't matter. It is even much nicer. It has given me a lot of help in my study. Though there are more things in it than before, it didn't make any word of complaint (怨言). Oh, what a good and honest, quiet friend! I can get on very well with it for ever.

译文

我的文具盒

我有一个美丽的文具盒，我非常喜欢它。

六年前的一天，我上小学时，妈妈带我到商店买了这个文具盒。我还记得那时我首先看见一个又大又漂亮的文具盒，但它不够结实，我根本不喜欢。接着，我们继续寻找别的文具盒。突然，我看见了一个很小而制作精细的文具盒，它比其他的结实。所以，我很高兴地买下了，只花了五元钱。

我仔细看了看文具盒，上面有两只猫和几只小老鼠。画面上的那些猫并没有吃老鼠，它们好像非常友好，甚至很高兴地在一起戏耍。多么有趣啊!

自从我有了这个文具盒，我把学习用品都放在里面。如橡皮、圆珠笔、小刀和尺子。我在做功课或家庭作业时，能够自由地使用，从那时起，我再也不怕丢失文具了。这个文具盒成了我的好朋友，多么漂亮又是多么的方便啊!

现在我上初三了。这个文具盒仍然伴随着我。猫和老鼠的画面已经模糊不清了，这没有什么关系，它甚至更漂亮了。在学习上它给我提供了很多帮助，虽然文具盒里的东西比以前更多了，但它毫无怨言。噢，它是多么漂亮、多么诚实而又默默无闻的朋友啊!它将和我永远相伴。

佳作点评

每个同学都有自己的文具盒，它是学习中必不可少的物品。

作者能用已学的语言材料，写出对文具盒的特殊感情，值得称道。文章写得生动有趣，语句较通顺，层次分明，写出了对文具盒的喜爱。文章中运用极好的词语和句型有：take sb．to do sth. not strong enoughnot ...at all, look for, more than...，since then，spend...on，look at，there be, such as, not...any longer， not...any more, it doesn't matter, a lot of等。此外，还恰当地使用了时间状语从句、并列句、since引导的从句，这些均值得读者学习。

现在对标数码的几个句子谈点意见：

①"to buy it"应改为"to have it"。按照习惯用法，如果在商店里购买商品时，可以说：:I want to buy sth.”而拿定主意，准备付钱买下此物时，一般不用buy而要说“I will have it”或“I will take it.”注意：have作“买”讲时，是持续动词，可以与一段时间状语连用。如：He has had the wathch for a year. 但but没有此种用法，因为它是暂短动词。②文章题目是"My Pencil―box"，因此，主语we应改为I才符合英语惯例。另外，根据only习惯用法，在这里应置于 spent之后才正确。③“…was doing...”应改成“…did…”才符合英语句法原则。