论文的格式:英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

关键词：医学科研

4)讨论部分

总的要求：Theauthorshouldtellthereaderwhattheresultsmeanbyplacingtheminthecontextofpreviouspublishedstudiesoftheproblem,即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。

具体要求：

A．简要说明研究背景（background）

B．简要介绍总的发现（generalfindings）；

C．介绍具体要点（introductionofpoints）

D．与现有发现（若有）进行比较（comparisoninthecontextofotherstudies）

E．意义（suggestedmeaning）

F．结论（conclusion）

G．前瞻研究（futurestudies）

结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力。此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果（过去时）与分析意见（确定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时）的区别；他人研究结果（过去时或现在完成时）与本研究结果（过去时）的区别；普遍适用的结论（现在时）与只适用本研究的结论（过去时）的其别等。因此，对于however,may,might,could,would,possibly,probably,belikelyto等词（组）的使用以及webelieve(think/consider)that,toourknowledge,inourexperience(practice)等插入语的使用就显得格外重要。

示例：

Parenteralnutritionisbeingusedwithincreasingfrequencyasaprimarysourceofcaloricsupportinadultandpediatricpatientswithgastrointestinalproblems.NumerouscomplicationshavebeenassociatedwiththeadministrationofTPN,includingasignificantlyincreasedncidenceofgallbladderdisease[3-5,7].Thedataheresuggestthatcholecyste

ctomyisoftenrequiredforthemanagementofsymptomaticgallbladderdiseaseinthisgroupofpatients,andisassociatedwithsignificantrisks.[说明研究背景，包括意义]Ofthe35patientswhorequiredcholecystectomyforTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease,operativemorbidityandmortalitywere54percentand11percent,respectively.Maingot[8]hasstatedthatcholecystectomy“isoneofthesimplestandsafestoftheabdominaloperations,andisass

ociatedwithalowoperativemortalityrate(about0.5percent).Areviewofthepediatricliteraturesuggeststhatwhencholecystectomyisperformedinchildren,theoperativemorbidityislessthan10percent,andthemortalityislessthan1percent.[8,9]Glenn[11]hasreportedamortalityrateoflessthan0.1percentinover5,000patientsunder

theageof50yearswhounderwentcholecystectomy.Themorbidityandmortalityobservedinourgroupofreceivinglong-termTPN,therefore,werefarinexcessofwhatwouldbeexpectedforapopulationofpatientswhosemeanagewas29years.

[提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相比较]

Ourdatasuggestthatarespecificfactorsuniquetopatientswhorequirelong-termTPNthatcontributetotheincreasedmortalityandmorbidityassociatedwithcholecystectomyinthisselectgroup.[以下，作者用较大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因，原文从略]

Basedontheresultsofourstudies,webelievethatearlycholecystectomyisindicatedinpatientswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.Obviously,allpatientswithsymptomaticdiseaseshouldundergocholecystectomyunlesstherespecificmedicalcontraindications.Theseoperationsshouldbeperformedinatimely,electivefashionbecausedelaymayresultintheneedforurgentsurgeryandthereby,increaseanalreadyhighrisk.Althoughrecentstudieshavesuggestedthatcholecystectoymaynotbewarrantedinotherwisehealthypatientswithasymptomaticgallbladderdisease[20],webelievethatthisaxiomdoesnotapplytopatie

ntswithTPN-inducedgallbladderdisease.OutdatasuggestthatthenaturalhistoryofgallbladderdiseaseinpatientsreceivingTPNisconsiderablydifferentfromthatoftheircounterpartsnotreceivingTPN.Basedonourfindings,werecommendelectivecholecystectomyinpatientsreceivingTPNwhengallstonesfirstappear.Furthermore,cholecystectomyshouldbeconsidered,especiallyinchildrenwithoutstoneswhoareun

dergoinglaparotomyforotherreasons.[从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容]WhetherTPN-inducedgallstonescanbepreventedthroughdailystimulatedgallbladderemptyingawaitstheresultsoffurtherstudies.[前瞻研究]

5）致谢部分

总的要求：Alwaysgetapprovalofyourintentiontomentionsomeoneintheacknowledgementandapprovaloftheforminwhichyouwillpresenttheacknowledgement,即：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。

6)参考文献

总的要求：Referencestylesshouldbespecifictoeachjournal,既：根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。

现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下：

1）VegaKJ,PinaI,KrevskyB.Hearttransplantationisassociatedwithanincreasedriskforpancreatobiliarydisease.AnnInternMed1996Jun1;124(11):980-3.[标准杂志文章]

2）TheCardiacSocietyofAustraliaandNewZealand.Clinicalexcisestresstesting:Safetyandperformanceguidelines.MedJAust1996;164:282-4.[作者是个组织]

3）CancerinSouthAfrica[editorial].SAfrMedJ1984;84:15.[无作者名]

4）ShenHM,ZhangQF.Riskassessmentofnickelcardiogenicityandoccupationallungcancer.EnvironHealthPerspect1994;102Suppl1:275-82.[某杂志增刊]

5）BrowellDA,LennardTW.Immunologicstatusofthecancerpatientandtheeffectsofbloodtransfusiononantitumorresponses.CurrOpinGenSurg1993;325-33[无期无卷]

7)插图说明

总的要求：Typeorpointoutlegendsforillustrationsusingdoublespacing,startingonaseparatepage,既：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有箭头（arrow）、符号（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这部分（不是在插图页上）对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。

8）插图

总的要求：Designyourfiguresfortheappropriatereduction,即：插图要按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片。

9）表格

总的要求：Atableshouldbeatotallyself-containedunitofinformation,即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注），即使只有一张表格也要标Table1。

10）照片和说明

总的要求：与7）、8）部分相同。