含蓄虚拟式的多种表达方法

摘要：探讨了学生在学习含蓄虚拟式语法中所遇到的一些问题。从含蓄虚拟式的几种表达法入手，希望有效地提高学生的英语学习能力。

关键词：虚拟式；含蓄虚拟式；条件句

一个虚拟式（subjunctive mood）是学生学习英语语法中的一大难点，同时又是重点。其用法繁杂，而含蓄条件句是指在一个句子中没有明显的条件从句，只是通过词、短语、其他类型的句子或上下文暗示条件的存在。这种含蓄虚拟条件结构形式比较模糊，往往要经过反复揣摩才能体会出其深层结构的含义，然后才能准确判

断。在论文、小说、文献和科技资料中出现似乎比带有条件的主从复合句还要多。含蓄条件有的是真实条件，有的则是虚拟条件。本文拟着重探讨含蓄条件句几种常见的表达形式。

一、词语、短语结构表示含蓄虚拟条件

1.介词短语

（1）Without electricity，there would be no modern industry.

（2）But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.

（3）Under more favourable conditions the production would have gone up still more rapidly.

（4）Another person in your position would have done much

worse.

2.名词短语

（1）Such problems would have been settled.

（2）A diligent student would have worked harder.

（3）A coward wouldn’t have dared to work in the enemy headqu-

arters.

（4）A true friend would have come to help.

3.名词+and结构

（1）Another step forward and he would have fallen off the cliff.

（2）A few minutes more and you could hear screams coming from the dinning-room.

（3）Another word and I would knock your flat.

4.副词、连词

如but，unforunately，otherwise，or，but that，unless，so long as，on condition（that）...suppose/supposing（that），provided/providing （that），

granting.

（1）I was busy last week，otherwise I would have come to see you.

（2）My friends would have helped me.Unfortunately，they didn’t turn up at that time.

（3）I would have given you more money，but I was so poor then.

（4）Supposing it were fine tomorrow，would you go swimming？

（5）Granting what you said is true，I should be a great liar.

5.形容词及其比较级

（1）A timid man would not have dared to go.

（2）A more careful person wouldn’t have made so many mistakes.

6.独立主格结构

（1）Time permitting，I would go out for a while.

（2）All things considered，the price would be resonable.

（3）Without our party leading us，we would not have been living such a happy life.

7.分词短语

（1）A man spending 12 days on the moon would find，on returning to the earth，that a year had passed by already.

（2）Born two days earlier，the boy would have seen his father.

8.不定式短语

（1）It would be foolish of you to do such a thing.

（2）To hear his talk，you would think he was Prime Minister.

9.动名词短语

Persuading him in this way would waste much time.

二、句子表示含蓄虚拟条件

1.as if和as though引导的从句，可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气，依具体情境而定

（1）She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own.

（2）Alan talked about Rome as if he has been there.

（3）It looks as if it is going to rain.

2.if only 引起的感叹句，其意义相当于“How I wish+宾语

从句”

（1）If only he could come！

（2）If only you hadn’t offended him！

3.在wish后的宾语从句中

（1）I wish that he weren’t so lasy.

（2）I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.

4.主句的谓语形式是had hoped，had expected，had intended，

had meant，had planned等，从句谓语形式为would，可以表示事实上并未实现的行为

I had hoped that Jenny would become a doctor，but she wasn’t good enough at science.

5.用于would rather，had rather，would as soon，would sooner和

would prefer所跟的从句中，表示希望或婉转的责备

（1）I’d rather you posted the letter right away.

（2）I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

（3）I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.

6.It is （about，high）time+从句，表示早该做而未做的事，含建

议的意味，其动词形式是用过去式

（1）It is high time （that） we began to work.

（2）It is （about） time that children went to school.

7.用在in case，lest，for fear that引起的状语从句中，表示“以防，以免”，其形式为“should+动词原形”

（1）He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.

（2）She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.

8.在情态动词后面的动词完成时形式表示虚拟

（1）You might have told him you did not agree with him.

（2）You could have avoided making such a mistake but you didn’t take her advice.

（3）I should have studied harder before.

（4）He needn’t have gone there，but he went.

9.某些表示祝愿的句子

（1）Long live our motherland.

（2）Good bless you.

（3）Heaven forbid.

（4）May you succeed.

将条件含蓄地表达在句子成分和上下文中，还会有其他情况，上述只是常见的现象而已。但我们可以看到含蓄条件句的表达方式比较生动、灵活，不像条件句那样非得以固定结构出现，遇到这种情况时，我们应摆脱原文的次序和语法结构的束缚，透过表层结构，去探索深层结构里的隐含语义。

（作者单位 山西大同大学外语学院）