把握阅读策略 突破阅读障碍

阅读理解贯穿在各级考试的整份试卷中。更为具体直接地体现在阅读理解题型上。直接表现为4篇阅读短文，15个题目，每个选项2分，共30分，总计分占全卷总分的1/4。这就要求学生每天至少要读4篇左右适合高三学生阅读的短文才能适应高考的要求，也是考试中英语得高分的关键。大量阅读既能提高大纲词汇的复现率，有助于加深对所学词汇的记忆，还能扩大词汇量，开阔视野，扩大知识面，了解各种信息，积累习惯用法以及习语、俚语等，也能在很大程度上帮助提高完形填空和任务型阅读解题能力。

高考阅读理解题型分为客观问题和主观问题。客观题常用when/who/why/what/which等Wh及How的方式提出的问题。而主观题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对全文进行深层的推断和判断才能回答的问题。常见的出题：(1) it can be inferred that/concluded that…; (2) the writer suggests/implies that…; (3) what’s the writer’s attitude towards…; (4) the text proves that…;(5) the passage is probably taken from…;(6) the writer probably feels that…。在平时阅读训练的过程中，要学会全面理解文章的深层内涵，准确领悟文章的中心思想。透过词语表面含义，理解其引申的深层内涵。根据短文所提供的具体材料，找出相关信息，进行分析、判断或计算。阅读时，注意上下文中所提供信息的内在联系，只有这样才能做出合乎逻辑的正确推理与判断。

目前影响阅读的障碍因素可分为知识和非知识。知识包括：词汇、语法、背景知识。非知识包括：心理因素、阅读习惯、阅读速度、阅读技巧。如何克服这些障碍在阅读理解上取得突破呢？根据多年的实践，我认为以下几种策略有助于这些方面的突破：

一、 注重词汇的积累 丰富阅读词汇

美国语言学家Driller(1978)根据词汇统计特征指出：如果一个人认得25个最常见的英文单 词，平均每页纸上的词会认得33%；如果认得135个常用词，则为50%；如果认得2 500个，则为78%；如果认得5 000个，则为80%；一旦记得10 000个，可达92%。可见，阅读能力的高低和词汇量的大小是分不开的，目前学生的词汇量普遍偏少，大大影响了阅读能力的提高。那么怎样才能扩大词汇量呢？

①强化构词法的识记与训练：

据估计，英语词汇约有100~120万，但大部分单词是通过构词法生成的。构词法包括派生（Derivation）、合成(Compound)和转化（transformation）。在平时的学习中要注意观察词的构成，做到能辨认常用的前缀（un-/dis-/im-/il-/super-…）、后缀(-ly/-less/-ful/-ment…)的含义及用法，这样就可以根据熟悉的词根加词缀推出派生出的词汇，从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如根据前缀extra-(额外的，多出的)推断出extra-work（份外的工作）；extra issue（号外）；extra time（加时赛、额外的时间）；从super-（超过、超越）可以猜出 supermarket（超级市场），supernatural (超自然的)，superman（超人），superstar（超级明星）等词的含义。在阅读中还要注意词在语境中的转化用法。

②通过联想提高词汇识别能力：

由一个词联想到和它有关或无关的词，如看到live（ vi .生活），联想到其它词性及用法，如直播的、活的等词义。再如mean做动词和形容词的意思是不同的，注意在联想中加以区别进而得到能力的提升。

③通过广泛阅读加深并丰富词汇及文化背景：

有句名言“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to

read well.”准确地说明了阅读和词汇量的关系。大量的阅读在丰富你的词汇的同时可以提高中学阶段所学词汇的复现率，让学生在大量的阅读中加深对这些词汇的认识和理解从而达到长期的记忆。同时大量的阅读扩大知识面，不断了解讲英语国家的文化背景，风俗习惯和节日如圣诞节、复活节、感恩节、愚人节、情人节等等，这些都是对英语国家文化的一种承载。这些知识可以帮助了解文章的隐藏含义，其中包括作者的立场观点、写作意图、所处时代的思想潮流等。

二、 形成良好的阅读习惯 提高阅读速度

良好的阅读习惯形成不是一朝一夕的事情，单培养阅读习惯贵在坚持，应在日常的学习中注意多朗读，多背诵精彩语段和文章，以培养语感。这样，不同层面（句子、段落、篇章）的意群能力会得到很大的提高。另外，有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读，这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯，做到不回读，不声读，不点读等，唯一要做的就是以句子和段落为单位的扫读。只有这样，阅读速度才能加快，理解的准确率才能提高。

三、 掌握有效的阅读技巧 提高解题准确性

除了良好的阅读习惯外，也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。阅读中多采用Top-down（自上而下）阅读法，即从语篇整体出发，把注意力集中在通过文字符号获取信息上，即按文章所给的标题先对文章的内容与含义作出推断，理解作者所要表达的意思。推理判断时可从下列几方面去推测：

1. 短文写了哪几方面的内容？

2. 作者会从哪几方面来阐述？

3. 内容将如何发展下去？

All good things are cheap, all bad things are very dear.(H. D. Thoreau)

阅读时要注意不同的文体，因为文体对信息的组织和篇章的布局模式有着重大影响。了解并掌握各种英语文体的结构特征，有利于对文章进行归纳进而产生符合逻辑的推理。例如：记叙文以叙事为主，有三个要素：情节、人物和背景。情节的发展以时间、地点的转移为线索。因此，阅读记叙文时，需要抓住时间这条线索，以人物为中心，弄清故事的发生、发展、结局。再如议论文和说明文有一个共同点，就是段落大多有主题句（较多地出现在段首或段末），要抓住主题句，发掘每一个主旨，弄清文章的中心论点，以便更加详细地预测文章的内容，吃透整篇文章的表层及深层含义。所以在平时的训练中要形成正确的思维方法， 采用略读（Skimming）迅速浏览全文，抓住文章大意和主题句，明确作者的态度和意图。采用跳读（Skipping）快速查找某一相关信息，读时要一目十行，对不相关的内容一带而过。通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索准确确定词义。

四、 牢固掌握五种基本句型 提高阅读质量

近年来的高考试题中的阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂，句子理解限制了学生的阅读质量，这实际上就成了发展阅读能力的“瓶颈”。若能掌握好简单句的五种基本句型，再复杂的句子也可以迅速分析清楚。五种基本句型为：

1. S（主）+V（谓）：It doesn’t often rain in the summer here.

2. S+V+O（宾）： I will plant them in rows in the field.

3. S+ Link V+ P（表）：The mixture tasted terrible.

4. S+V+O+O： Dad will buy me a bike next week.

5. S+V+ O+ Oc（宾补）：I’ll keep the box in the shade.

可以变为被动的句型有三种：①S+V+O，②S+V+O+O，③S+V+O+Oc。

如能熟练掌握以上五种基本句型及他们的变体，在阅读中遇到令人费解的长句、难句，就可以对句子进行适当的分析，搞清各部分的关系，达到准确理解整句的意思。例如2011江苏高考题的D篇的第一段的第二句话：Shay’s father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team, but the father also understood that if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence. 该句由46个词组成，其中包含了并列句、宾语从句和宾语从句中含有条件状语从句等多种关系。之类的长句在当今的高考试题中比比皆是，只有把句子的成分一一理清，才能掌握其意思，准确答题、取得高分。

“Rome wasn’t built in a day.” 提高阅读能力需要有时间，但更要坚持正确的阅读方法，广泛阅读，积累词汇，并且养成良好的阅读习惯，阅读理解能力一定会逐步提高。

【专题训练】

Passage 1

Big transportation has brought changes to the social and economic structure of the American city in three ways. It sped physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the edge of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate(房地产) developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years.

一切好的东西都是便宜的，所有坏的东西都是非常贵的。（梭罗）

Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses(超过) cause a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban spread was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?

A. Types of mass transportation.

B. Instability of urban life.

C. How supply and demand determine land use.

D. The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

2. Why does the writer mention both Boston and Chicago?

A. To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

B. To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

C. To show mass transportation changed many cities.

D. To contrast their rate of growth.

3. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?

A. It was expensive.

B. It happened too slowly.

C. It was unplanned.

D. It created a demand for public transportation.

4. The writer mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city .

A. that is large

B. that is used as a model for land development

C. with an excellent mass transportation system

D. where the development of land exceeded population growth

【答案与解析】

1. D 文章开头就提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改变了美国城市的社会和经济结构。”

2. C 说明公共交通改变了许多城市。

3. C A和B文中没有提到，D和问题矛盾。

4. D 土地开发超过人口增长速度, 芝加哥是典型例子。

Passage 2

The most frightening words in the English language are, “Our computer is down.” You hear it more and more when you are on business. The other day I was at the airport waiting for a ticket to Washington and the girl in the ticket office said, “I’m sorry, I can’t sell you a ticket. Our computer is down.”

“If your computer is down, just write me out a ticket.”

“I can’t write you out a ticket. The computer is the only one allowed to do so.”

I looked down on the computer and every passenger was just standing there drinking coffee and staring at the black screen. Then I asked her, “What do all you people do?”

“We give the computer the information about your trip, and then it tells us whether you can fly with us or not.”

Patience! The windmill never strays in search of the wind.(Andy J. Sklivis)

“So when it goes down, you go down with it.”

“That’s good, sir.”

“How long will the computer be down?” I wanted to know.

“I have no idea. Sometimes it’s down for 10 minutes, sometimes for two hours. There’s no way we can find out without asking the computer, and since it’s down it won’t answer us.”

After the girl told me they had no backup(备用) computer, I said. “Let’s forget the computer. What about your planes? They’re still flying, aren’t they?”

“I couldn’t tell without asking the computer.”

“Maybe I could just go to the gate and ask the pilot if he’s flying to Washington,” I suggested.

“I wouldn’t know what gate to send you to. Even if the pilot was going to Washington, he couldn’t take you if you didn’t have a ticket.”

“Is there any other airline flying to Washington within the next few hours?”

“I wouldn’t know,” she said, pointing at the dark screen. “Only ‘IT’ knows. ‘It’ can’t tell me.”

By this time there were quite a few people standing in lines. The word soon spread to other travelers that the computer was down. Some people went white, some people started to cry and still others kicked their luggage.

1. The best title for the article is .

A. When the Computer Is Down

B. The Most Frightening Words

C. The Computer of the Airport

D. Asking the Computer

2. What could the girl in the ticket office do for the passengers without asking the computer?

A. She could sell a ticket.

B. She could write out a ticket.

C. She could answer the passengers’ questions.

D. She could do nothing.

3. Why do you think they had not a backup computer?

A. Because it was easy down.

B. Because it was very expensive.

C. Because it was not advanced enough.

D. Because it was not as big as the main computer.

4. The last paragraph suggests that .

A. a modern computer won’t be down.

B. computers can take the place of humans

C. sometimes a computer may bring suffering to people

D. there will be great changes in computers

【答案与解析】

本文记述了作者在机场遭遇电脑系统死机所带来的后果及人们对此的反应。

1. A 根据文章第1句中的Our computer is down及后面的文章内容，可推知答案。

2. D 根据文章中的对话：售票员不能卖机票，回答不出旅客提出的问题等等，可推知此题答案。

3. B 主观题。根据各选项的比较及生活经验对之进行判断，得出此题的答案。

4. C 推断题。根据文章最后一段的描述：电脑死机，旅客们感到恐惧、忧郁、不安，从而可推知此题答案为C。

1. The above is a ___.

A. portrait

B. an application form

C. notice

D. a piece of news

2. It gives information to people who are going between Shanghai and Tokyo or Beijing and Tokyo .

A. by train

B. by car

C. by ship

D. by plane

3. There are___flights from Shanghai to Tokyo every week.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

4. It can be inferred that .

A. the distance between Beijing and Shanghai is about 2 000 km

B. it is a little more convenient to go from Shanghai to Tokyo than from Beijing to Tokyo

C. people in Shanghai like to go to Japan by plane

D. there is no flight between Shanghai and Beijing

5. There are___flights between Beijing and Tokyo every week.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

【答案与解析】

1. C 显然是告诉旅客们的飞机新的时刻表，类似notice。

2. D 表格上的题目给了答案。

3. B 从上海到东京有4班。

4. B 从上海到东京班次比从北京到东京班次要多，所以选B。

5. D 注意文字的变化，北京和东京之间，所以选D。

Passage 4

Sports and games are not only amusement. They are things of great value to one’s body and mind.

Sports and games build our bodies, prevent us from getting too fat and keep us healthy. They also give us practice in helping eyes, brains and muscles work together. For example, in playing table tennis, the eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction, and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where the player wants it to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at table tennis can do this successfully. Such kind of practice is especially useful for those who work with their brains most of time, for they can seldom find time to have sports and games.

Sports and games are also good for character-training. Unselfishness, courage, discipline, love of one’s country, and so on, are virtues that a citizen should have. Students learn a lot about these in their lessons in class. But in their spare time, in sports and games, they learn to play fair, cooperate with other team members, go all out to win the match, and think of the honour of the group. What the students learn in sports and games will have much deeper effect on their characters and help them to become better citizen.

So next time when you jump into a pool or go swimming in a river in summer, or when you have a game of table tennis after a day of study at school, you are not just playing for fun, you are also building up your bodies and training your characters.

1. Why do we say sports and games should not be treated only as amusements?

A. We sometimes have sports and games for fun.

B. Sports and games build up our bodies, making us much stronger.

C. Sports and games prevent us from getting too fat.

D. All the above.

2. The writer uses the example of playing table tennis just to .

A. tell us sports and games can make our eyes more brighter

B. show sports and games are valuable in making our eyes, brains and legs work together

C. let us know to play table tennis in our everyday life is important

D. make it clear that table tennis is an easy sport to play

3. In the writer’s eyes, in having sports and games, students learn to .

A. play table tennis fairly

B. how to love their country

C. win a ball game

D. cooperate with their team members

4. It can be inferred from the passage that___.

A. it is beneficial for teachers and students have sports and games after school

B. table tennis players are cleverer than other ball players

C. people often go swimming in a river in summer

D. sports and games can be treated as amusements

5. Which of the following can be looked on as one of the virtues owned by a citizen?

A. One’s high marks at school.

B. One’s love of his mother tongue.

C. One’s unselfishness in everyday life.

D. One’s skills in playing table tennis.

【答案与解析】

1. D 通过综合分析发现，A、B、C说明人们进行体育活动的目的和体育活动的不可缺少，体育活动不能仅看成是娱乐。

2. B 作者举这个例子是要说明体育运动在协调眼睛和大脑等诸方面的作用。

3. D 文章的第三段说明在体育活动中，学生学会和同伴协作。

4. A 可以从文章第二段的后半部分归纳到：从事脑力劳动的人进行体育活动的好处。

5. C 作者讲到了具有勇气、无私和爱国等是一个公民的美德，所以答案为C。

（作者：李忠，如皋市教育局 ）