12月六级翻译真题点评

时间:2022-10-16 12:34:11

12月六级翻译真题点评

与四级考试相比,2013年12月六级考试汉译英题型在多套试卷中的主题同样涉及中国传统文化,包括丝绸之路、中国园林、中秋节等。但六级汉译英对考生的要求更高一些,考生必须熟练运用各种翻译技巧,才能忠实顺畅地还原原文的信息。下面笔者以此次六级汉译英真题为例,讲解如何在翻译中恰当地运用翻译技巧,并给出完整的真题和参考译文,希望对即将参加六级考试的考生有所启发。

翻译技巧讲解

1. 重复现象的处理

汉语中存在较多的重复现象。为了表达得更清晰、生动,汉语经常采用原词复现的形式。而在同样的语境中,英语则倾向于省略或变化,不用重复的词语或结构来表达相同的意思。汉译英时,为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯,不至于产生重复、累赘之感,考生需要采用合乎英语表达习惯的省略和替代等方式,对汉语的重复信息做相应处理,以使译文自然、流畅。

闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里,得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。

参考译文:The world-renowned Silk Road was a series of routes that connect the east and the west. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Road was named after ancient China’s silk trade, which played an important role in the development of civilization in China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.

点评:原文中多次出现“丝绸之路”,甚至在连续的三句话中重复出现,如果考生重复将其译成the Silk Road,译文会显得拖沓。在第二句译文中,考生可以用代词it来指代上文的the Silk Road。在英语中,代词的使用频率要远远高于汉语,对于重复出现的名词,考生在翻译时可以用代词来替换。在第三句译文中,考生可以采用上位词(指概念上外延更广的主题词) the road来替代上文的the Silk Road。由于英语中定冠词可以起到“定指”的作用,所以the road指的就是上文提过的the Silk Road。

2. 注意时态和语态

时态和语态是汉译英时要特别注意的问题。如果汉语句子的时间状语涉及过去,译成英语时就应用过去时;如果汉语句子讲述的是一般的习俗和习惯,译成英语时就应用现在时。汉语中有被动标记的句子可译成英文被动句,而一些主动句也可以通过转换用英语被动句来翻译。

过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五,是人们拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空,人们合家团聚,共赏明月。

参考译文:The celebration of Mid-Autumn Festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang Dynasty. The festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month in the Chinese lunar calendar, when people pay tribute to the moon. On this night, under the moon-lit sky, people enjoy family reunion and admire the bright, full moon.

点评:原文中第一句话的时间状语为“唐代早期”,所以这个句子译成英语时要用一般过去时。接下来的几个短句说的是中国的一般习俗,年年岁岁都是如此,翻译时其时态应采用一般现在时。

月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。

参考译文:Mooncakes are indispensible delicacies during the festival and are sent as gifts to relatives and friends or eaten in family gatherings.

点评:原文由两个句子构成,如果在译成英文时都用“月饼”作主语,就可以把两个句子连在一起。所以,笔者建议考生将原文第二句话变为被动语态来处理,即“月饼被作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上被享用”。

3. 语序调整

汉英两种语言的语序几乎是大同小异,“同”的通常是主语、谓语和宾语的位置,“异”的通常是定语和状语的位置。汉语的定语多前置,英语的定语位置则较灵活,但较长的定语通常后置。汉语的状语通常位于主语和谓语之间,偶尔出现在句首;而英语的状语则一般位于谓语或宾语之后,通常出现在句尾。考生在汉译英时需要正确调整语序,尤其是对于比较复杂的汉语短句,需要先确定出短语的中心词,而后将修饰成分重新安排,译出流畅的译文。

中国园林(the Chinese garden)是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观(landscape)。

参考译文:The Chinese garden is a unique landscape gardening style which has evolved over three thousand years.

点评:原文中“经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观”的中心词是“园林景观”,修饰语“独具一格的”较短,在译成英文时可将其放在中心词前,修饰语“经过三千多年演变而成的”较长,译成英文时可处理成定语从句放在中心词后。

它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园,也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。

参考译文:It includes both the vast gardens built for the pleasure of the members of the Imperial Family, and the private gardens created by scholars, businessmen, former government officials, made for escape from the outside world.

点评:原文中,“为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园”的中心词为“大型花园”,前面的定语过长,翻译时应后置。“为皇室成员享乐而建造”的中心词是“建造”,前面的部分应该移到中心词后翻译。“皇室成员享乐”的中心词是“享乐”,“皇室成员”再向后移,如此由后而前,层层剥离,就能够处理好较为复杂的汉语句子。同样,“学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园”的中心词是“私家花园”,其他修饰成分按照“建造”“学者、商人和卸任的政府官员”“为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界”的顺序安排,增添一定的介词来连接,也能够很快得出译文。

4. 采用亮点句型

汉译英时,考生可适当采用一些地道的英语结构和句型,以使译文更具表现力,从而获得更高的分数。

正是通过丝绸之路,中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。

参考译文:It is along the Silk Road that paper-making, gunpowder, the compass and printing―the four great inventions of ancient China―spread across the world.

点评:汉译英时,考生可以采用英语的强调句,也就是“It is/was … who/that”结构来翻译,对“通过丝绸之路”的信息进行强调。本句也可以采用一般句型来翻译,将其之后的句子“欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物,满足中国市场的需要”译为强调句:“It is also through the Silk Road that Europe exported various goods and plants to meet the needs of China’s market.”无论把强调句用于哪个句子的译文中,都能使其成为亮点句型,使译文具有更高的质量。

典型的中国园林四周有围墙,园内有池塘、假山(rockwork)、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。

参考译文:A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls, inside which are ponds, rockeries, trees and flowers, and different styles of buildings connected by winding paths and corridors.

点评:对于“园内有……”这个句子,考生可以按照原文的语序,采用倒装结构“Inside the garden are …”来翻译。因为原文有两个并列的句子,所以可将前一个句子作为主句,后一个句子处理为从句,从而将倒装结构转化为定语从句“inside which are …”来翻译,如参考译文所示。这样处理的亮点在于倒装句的运用。

翻译真题及参考译文

以下笔者给出此次六级考试中出现的三道段落翻译题的原文及参考译文,供考生参考。

闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000多公里,得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路,中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样,中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的,欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物,满足中国市场的需要。

参考译文:The world-renowned Silk Road was a series of routes that connect the east and the west. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Road was named after ancient China’s silk trade, which played an important role in the development of civilization in China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Along the Silk Road, paper-making, gunpowder, the compass and printing―the four great inventions of ancient China―spread across the world, as well as her silk, tea and porcelains. The exchange of material culture was bidirectional. It is also through the Silk Road that Europe exported various goods and plants to meet the needs of China’s market.

中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五,是人们拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空,人们合家团聚,共赏明月。2006年,中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产,2008年又被定为公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿(longevity)”、“福”或“和”等字样。

参考译文:Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated harvest on Mid-Autumn Festival; a custom similar to Thanksgiving in North America. The celebration of Mid-Autumn Festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang Dynasty. The festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month in the Chinese lunar calendar, when people pay tribute to the moon. On this night, under the moon-lit sky, people enjoy family reunion and admire the bright, full moon. The Mid-Autumn Festival was listed a Chinese cultural heritage in 2006 and became an official public holiday in 2008. Mooncakes are indispensible delicacies during the festival and are sent as gifts to relatives and friends or eaten in family gatherings. Traditionally, the mooncakes have Chinese characters written on them that symbolize longevity, happiness or harmony.

中国园林(the Chinese garden)是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观(landscape)。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园,也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙,园内有池塘、假山(rockwork)、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中,人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷(scroll)一般展现在面前。

参考译文:The Chinese garden is a unique landscape gardening style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens built for the pleasure of the members of the Imperial Family, and the private gardens created by scholars, businessmen, former government officials, made for escape from the outside world. These gardens form a micro-landscape intended to reveal harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls, inside which are ponds, rockeries, trees and flowers, and different styles of buildings connected by winding paths and corridors. Strolling in the garden, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.

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