博山民居遗风

明末清初，为博山的民间住宅建造的鼎盛时期。其中建筑风格各异，城乡差别颇有不同，贫富悬殊比较明显。当时城里瓦房居多，乡村草屋、茅舍为主。豪门大户多居住于城里，他们的住宅一般为几进院落的套式房屋，建造格式有主房、配房、客厅、书房、门房，还配有花园和其他附属性建筑。大门楼高大宽阔，多级台阶，门前两侧置石狮子把守，俨如官府行门。各院落相通处还有号门、屏门、角门等。房屋建筑幽雅庄重、美观坚固、富有极强的民族特色。

大户人家的住宅建筑材料多采用细钻子方石砌墙基，用大青砖垒墙；四梁八柱做房架，木椽黄板窑矶做房顶；挑檐、瓦梢、出厦、鱼鳞瓦覆顶。房脊、四梢用特制的雕龙、雕鹿、雕麟、雕虎，翎毛花卉，喜庆文字的砖瓦作装饰，窗棂构成也为多种多样的图案，用以象征吉祥、平安，极具中国传统建筑的特色。

而一般平民百姓人家的住宅多为四合院，主房与配房区别明显，每三间为一栋，主房为中，两头挂耳为里间。这类房屋多为砖石结构，亦有土坯和砖混合结构的，也有全用石头砌墙的。房屋格式绝大多数是单层，少有的二层三层阁楼式房屋的主人，都是当地的殷实人家。

遗存于博山区源泉镇泉河头村的一座明代月合式古楼，是这类房屋的代表。古居长14米，宽6米，高16米，其月台高2米，主室三间带阁楼，系砖石结构，并建有城墙般雉堞。屋内采用料石砌基，主墙用大青砖砌体，大青砖券顶；其门口采用三块大型石材拱口；坚固厚实；窗户采用七块竖棂石板条构成；坚固耐用；其屋门采用重型枣木大门，并镶有透花铁皮，门内双重插关，设有挟杠孔四个，已示防范。观其楼房坚固厚实，但因墙壁太厚，故室内空间不太，光线受阻。

而城市中的贫民、工人阶层却无房者俱多，大多居住在搭建的低矮的窝棚里或者租赁居住。而农村穷人则采用河内经冲涮之后的滑流子混合土坯砌墙，用麦秸或谷草盖顶防御雨水，其房内用黄泥抹墙皮即可，而且大多是一家数口人或几代人都挤在一居室内，其居住条件颇差而无奈。

博山的民居建筑多和烧制陶瓷的火窑有关。随便穿行在某个巷子中，你都可以看见成片的民房是用烧窑之后的废坯加黄泥建筑而成。墙体上的匣钵一般是环形的圆面，它们被砌在墙壁里，紧紧挨在一起。在黄泥墙皮脱落的地方，露出几个黑色的孔，透出历史的沧桑。有的围墙全用陶罐或陶片垒砌，那些陶片没有经过任何修饰，扇面的形状一个接一个不规则地连成一大片，稳稳地遮蔽住了几代人的生活。

新中国成立以后，城乡建设日新月异，人民生活和居住条件发生了巨大的变化，高楼大厦、现代住宅在城乡崛起。而富有地域文化和民族风情、古朴典雅的古宅民居，代表了不同历史时期文化及经济社会的原始风貌，是一种地域文化遗产。

碾过的历史将伴随岁月沧桑的流逝而传承与消失，民间的住宅在不断地变迁，而那些代表了不同时期历史文化的古宅，对世人来说无疑是一种梦幻般的眷恋与追思。

Boshan in Shandong was an important commercial center in Chinese history. At that time, merchants from all over China settled here for business. Therefore, the architectural style of the residences in Boshan possesses both the essence of different places and the local characteristics.

The late Ming and early Qing dynasty is the period when residential construction flourished in Boshan. At that time, there was great difference between the city and the countryside, and also a wide gap between the rich and the poor. Most of the houses in the city were tile-roofed houses while thatched cottages dominated the countryside. The great families lived in the city. Their houses usually have the main rooms, accessory rooms, living rooms, studies, gatehouses, and gardens. The great gate is high and wide, with multiple steps and two stone lions at the two sides of the gate.The house construction is beautiful, solid with folk characteristics.

The common people lived in the Chinese courtyard houses. These houses were always built with bricks, adobe, or stones. Most of them were single storey, though there were a few two-storey or three-storey houses―for the better-off families.