A restricted view of the strategies to carry out the etiquette education in coll

Abstract. The teaching objective of the colleges and universities offering the etiquette course is not only to make the students master the knowledge and skills of the etiquette, but more importantly to cultivate the students' civilization accomplishments, to enable them to use the knowledge and skills of etiquette on various occasions, reflecting their personal accomplishments. Therefore, in the etiquette course teaching, the teachers should change the teaching ideas, integrate the teaching contents, innovate the teaching methods, and create the learning environments.

Keywords: Etiquette; college students; teaching

Colleges and universities bear the two educational tasks of "conducting oneself" and "doing things", but obviously we pay more attention to the "doing things" education, but ignore the "conducting oneself" education. So, in the universities, there will be such embarrassing phenomenon like this: the students are learning the high level of the ethical standards in the classrooms, but outside of the classrooms, their behaviors are not up to the level of the basic morals. In fact, behaving well is the foundation to do our work. Colleges and universities should vigorously carry out the "behaving education". Confucius said, "Don’t learn etiquette, and we cannot succeed". Etiquette education is not the only training of the general manners, but the education of the moral accomplishment and sounder personality. To behave ourselves, we should first learn the civilized manners. In view of this, the author thinks that colleges and universities should widely offer the etiquette courses. So, how can we enhance the effectiveness of the etiquette education?

1. Change the concepts of teaching

For a long time, the etiquette teaching uses the traditional indoctrination in education, paying attention to the teaching, memorizing and representative of the knowledge. In this mode, the etiquette classroom becomes the "cramming" place of the teachers, and the students passively receive the knowledge. The etiquette teaching activities are carried out in a fixed procedure, losing its individuality and appearing lifeless. Students’ learning is a mere formality. With the introduction of the constructivist learning theory and the humanistic learning theory to China, the educational researchers and practitioners have greatly reformed and innovated our teaching organization and the implementation modes from the view of practice. Based on the constructivism and humanism, in the implementation process of the etiquette teaching, the teachers should pay attention to these three elements of the students' personal experience, the learning situations and the cooperative learning modes. We should create a real problem situation, and take the solution to the "problem" in the situation as the main line to organize teaching activities, to achieve the organic unity of the declarative knowledge and the procedural knowledge, the theoretical knowledge and the practical knowledge. In this way, the students become the center of the teaching activities, and the role of the teacher changes as the planner, organizer and leader of the activities, and the classroom is the place of the interaction between teachers and students.

The etiquette course is a course with very strong practicability and practicalness, and the skill operation is an essential part of the ritual study. However, in the etiquette teaching, we should also strive to dig out the profound cultural etiquette behind the rules of the etiquette, to let students "know the results", and at the same time, to let the students "know why". If the etiquette teaching is simply to impart the knowledge of the etiquette standards and train the etiquette operation, maybe we can get the instant teaching effects in the classrooms. But in fact, what the students learn is just the "air move" without the "mental cultivation methods", so the students cannot comprehend by analogy, and cannot reach the higher level of the application of etiquette. In addition, with the end of the course and the passage of the time, the students will leave the specific environments and the urge, their speech and deportment is likely to return to the state before learning the etiquette. Therefore, the etiquette teaching should pay much attention to the practical operation and training, and at the same time, we should enable the students to master the etiquette rules, and have a thorough understanding of the profound connotation of the ethics and morality, and the folk cultures implicated in the formation of the etiquette and the "truth, goodness and beauty" of the etiquette. Only in this way can always maintain the courtesy and etiquette with ease manners in a variety of actual complex and changeable situations.

The etiquette is not just something in the form, and the essence of the etiquette is the respect for others from the bottom of our heart. The etiquette, as the behavior standard and criterion people follow in the social life, can be said to get along swimmingly with the morality. Specifically, the ritual is a basic moral standard, and the etiquette is a form of "ritual". Divided from the fields and the contents, the etiquette is the social morality. Divided from the levels and forms, the etiquette is a moral behavior. From the department and the industry, the etiquette is the occupation morality. Therefore, the etiquette education should have the value tendency to cultivate the moral concepts of the students, and to improve the etiquette achievements of the individual. Therefore, in the process of the teaching of the etiquette, we should grasp the relationship that the etiquette and the ethics support each other, to shape students' correct moral concepts, so that the civilization and the etiquette literacy can be cultivated and developed through the etiquette study.

2. Integrate the teaching contents

The etiquette is a moral, and we cannot isolate the moral to talk about the etiquette, but should combine the moral education in the etiquette education. Although some etiquette is slightly cumbersome, they can avoid the neglecting of the conduct. Through the reflection on the moral education in universities, a big drawback is the lack of the etiquette education, and there is not much operational point of the etiquette teaching, with less training of the operational etiquette behaviors. In the etiquette teaching process, we should make full use of etiquette, moral functions, regulate the behaviors of the students from the behavior, manners, styles and appearance, as well as the dresses and language, and extend these norms to the life, so that the etiquette will become the constraints they are willing to accept, and the standards they will consciously follow, and the cultivation they strive for. The ideological and moral education is often regarded as an empty preaching, while the etiquette proceed from the creation of the profile of the students, and is directly related to the actual needs of the future work. When the students really realize that their personal images will play an important role in their future work and life, they will adjust their moral values and their ways of behaviors, and organically combine the intrinsic moral characters and the external form of etiquette.

The etiquette is the most important symbol of the national civilization, and all the nations in the world that have entered the age of civilization have their own etiquette. China is one of the cradles of the world civilization, and has created a splendid ancient civilization, and especially put forward very high requirements on the moral cultivation, thus forming the perfect system of etiquette, known to the entire world as "a state of etiquette". Historically, the Duke of Zhou "formulates the rites and music", and the Confucius lament "feeling of ceremony", which illustrated this fact. In China's ancient books, there are 300 recorded etiquette rules, and 3000 behavioral criteria. Visibly, our nation, not just treats it as external need to strictly follow the etiquette, but fuse it into an inherent instinct. As American scholar Arthur H. Smith said, "Even if the Chinese have the biased critics, we have to admit that the Chinese have lifted the politeness to a perfect height, which is what the westerners cannot know, cannot experience, and cannot even think and even the nearly unthinkable heights". The traditional etiquette is a long-term accumulation of the national ideology and the behavioral standards, and there are both the backward factors and also the progressive factors. We cannot cut off the history, and make the historical nihilism, but should analyze and evaluate the traditional morals from the dialectical point of view, inherit the essence, and throw away the dregs. Therefore, the etiquette teaching should be based on the Chinese traditional etiquette cultures. But today's world has entered the era of "global village", and the exchanges between the peoples of the world are unprecedented active. In the contact process, much modern and international etiquette gradually formed. Therefore, the etiquette teaching should also be innovated to adapt to the development of the times, and we should combine creatively the traditional etiquette and the modern etiquette. On the basis of a clear explanation of the connotation and the essence of the traditional etiquette, select some modern etiquette to educate the students.

The success of the etiquette education cannot rely on a course, but it needs the support of several related curriculums. For example, for the tourism management, the hotel management and other professions that has especially high requirement of the etiquette, it is not enough only to set a "social etiquette" course, and we should expand the scope, and further deepen the teaching contents of the etiquette course. According to the conditions, offer the "Tourism service etiquette", "Personal image design", "Physique", "Lecture and eloquence", "Interpersonal communication and psychology", "Chinese and foreign folk", "Tea ceremony", "Flower arrangement", "Etiquette and music" and other required or elective courses, and construct the "etiquette" course group. In the etiquette education, we should also integrate the education of other disciplines. While the students receive the education of other disciplines, at the same time, they also receive the influence of the etiquette. For example, the public course "Ideological and moral cultivation and legal basis", is in fact a course combining the civilization accomplishment and the social etiquette, and we can dig out many contents of the etiquette teaching. Another example, in the physical education, we can set up "Sports Dance", "Gymnastics", "Tae Kwon Do", "Yoga" and some other courses which are of great help for the cultivation of the etiquette quality, for the students to choose on the basis of their personal interests.

3. Innovate the teaching methods

The etiquette education includes both the inculcation of the etiquette knowledge, and the cultivation of the good habits. Therefore, in the etiquette teaching activities, the teachers must change the traditional teaching mode that "the teachers explain, and the students record". The focus of the etiquette teaching is not simply to put the etiquette into students' heads, but to apply the concepts of etiquette, and we should dig out the "truth, goodness, beauty" of the etiquette, and construct the "internalized" mechanisms, so that the concepts of the etiquette can come "into the brains" and "into the hearts", into the qualities of the students. Then, we should also develop the etiquette behaviors, and construct the "transformation" mechanisms, so that the etiquette behavior will become the habits of the students. Habits will not only make people successfully complete how to act, but also can make people have the tendency to do that kind of behavior. Once the etiquette becomes a habit, it will be referred to as a natural behavioral pattern, and will become a kind of instinct, which we don't have to follow.

The etiquette is a comprehensive and applied discipline integrating the etiquette, public relations, aesthetics, psychology, management science and other disciplines, and its theoretical knowledge is very rich. But in the generation of the ritual behavior, it is not enough only to have the understanding of the etiquette knowledge and methods. As the saying goes, "Only through practice can you really understand it, and knowledge from books isn't enough". In the etiquette teaching, we must have the practical training, and we should transform the abstract etiquette theory into the vivid and visualized information. In the process of the etiquette teaching, we should take the students as the center, and pay attention to students' emotion, interest and demand, with the action as the orientation. Combined with a series of characteristics of the occupational situation, explore some of the real situations related to the learning and the themes, and create some virtual situations to carry out the simulation exercise, to let the students learn from the experience and true feelings, to realize the unification of the students’ etiquette of "knowledge, love, meaning, and action".

The etiquette study should not only make people form on the cognition of the manners, but also should achieve the conscious behavior. To do this, we must be repeatedly trained and exercised over a long period of time. The platform to learn the etiquette is not only the classrooms, training laboratories, but also the campus, families, enterprises and institutions and communities. The significant ceremonies of the schools, such as the opening ceremony, graduation ceremony, anniversary, the flag raising ceremony, theceremony and so on, contain rich resources of the etiquette education. The students participating in the solemn ceremony will have a deep memory. Combined with the mother's day, the father's day and some revolutionary festivals, we can carry out the Thanksgiving to parents, Thanksgiving to the society and other activities. Organize students to set up the "etiquette, team" and other etiquette associations, take up the etiquette service work on campus, and undertake the tasks of the external enterprises and institutions based on the campus. Students should be encouraged to actively participate in the social public activities, accumulate experience in the relation to others and the organizations, and develop their own etiquette qualities. In the daily life of the students, there also contains a wealth of etiquette education resources. In the campus, there should be strict etiquette for the daily behaviors of the students, and when the students leave for home, ask them to take the initiative to help with their parents’ work, and experience the hardships of their parents. We may also require the students to make full use of the social practice activities of the winter and summer vacation, the volunteering activities and other chances, to enter the society, and preach to the masses of the etiquette knowledge. We should guide the students to read more, to improve their cultural levels, which is helpful to improve their etiquette achievements.

The teaching characteristics of the etiquette course is to pay attention to the practicability and maneuverability of the knowledge, to avoid the use of the single and boring teaching methods to impart the knowledge, and the teachers should use the multimedia teaching, to create for the students an intuitive and vivid teaching environment which can stimulate their learning enthusiasm and curiosity, full of modern air. However, the multimedia teaching means that the teachers apply and the timing is based on the teaching and the learning. We should not use it where there is no need to use. The teachers cannot rely too much on the media technologies. If the teachers act as only the projectionist of the coursework in the classroom teaching, students will be the audience lacking the vitality. This is essentially that the "teacher centered" teaching idea is evolved into the "computer centered" teaching idea, which only reinforces the "initiative of the teachers" and the "passivity of the students". The "midwifery" of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, the social constructivism of the former Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky have repeatedly stressed that learning is a kind of communication, contact, and dialogue, and the classroom based on the exchange is the classroom for the teachers and the students "practice".

4. The creation of the learning environment

The so-called learning environment, not only refers to the teaching places composed of the school buildings, libraries, classrooms, and training places which are provided for the learners, namely, the physical environment, but at the same time, it also includes the information resources, the learning environment and the humanistic environment and other "soft environment". Research shows that the loose, harmonious, healthy and unique educational environment not only can enlighten the students' intelligence, but also can stimulate the students' positive emotional experience, so that they can develop good habits.

The classroom is not only the main place where the students learn the cultural knowledge, but also is an important educational position. In the classroom designing, we should consider the safety and health of the teaching places, the natural light and the lighting, the setting of the podium and the student desks and chairs, the classroom environment and layout and other factors. Under conditions of the informatization, we must also secure, debug and maintain the Internet, the computers and the multimedia teaching platforms and other facilities. The desks and chairs in the classrooms and the cleaning utensils should be placed neatly, and we should put all kinds of flowers and on the platform and windows, and on the surrounding walls, we can hang around the aphorisms and pictures of some Chinese and foreign celebrities on the civilized etiquette knowledge. According to the needs of the teaching, the layout of the classroom desks and chairs and other facilities should be adjusted at any time. For example, in the group discussion teaching method, the students' desks can be shaped like the English letter "U", which is conducive to the students to discuss and exchange between each other, and can enable the teachers to observe the performances of the students and timely communicate and feedback. In the adjustment of the classroom layout, we should launch the active participation of every student, which can not only strengthen their sense of ownership invisibly, and enhance the cohesion of the class, but also can train the abilities of the students to feel the beauty, appreciate the beauty, and create the beauty.

The etiquette education is a systematic educational behavior, which should be permeated into all aspects of the construction of the campus culture. "If you live with a lame person you will learn to limp". The environment has an important influence on the growth of people. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the etiquette education, the schools should actively create for the students a "civilization everywhere, always an etiquette" living environment. The humanity factors in the learning environment can unconsciously infiltrate and develop the behavior habits and etiquette qualities of the students. For example, we can collect the manners slogans in the range of the whole school, and conspicuously post them in the public places. In the student dormitory, the teaching buildings, install the full body mirror, to strengthen students' consciousness of their personal images. The apartment management, canteen, and other window departments through which the schools serve the students directly, should take the lead in implementing the service with a smile, and the courteous service. In the aspect of the construction of the "soft" environment, we can hold the "civilization construction month" activities, investigate the civilized etiquette behaviors of the students, and rate the civilized classes, the civilized dormitory, and the civilized emissary. We can carry out the campus "etiquette contest", through which we can make the students' personal charm showed, and make the students more insight into the formal beauty, and get moved and enlightenment from it. The schools must organize the staff to learn the etiquette, and the schools having conditions should provide uniforms for the teachers, and require the teachers must be the etiquette model for the students in everything, everywhere and at any time.

The interpersonal environment in teaching includes the benign interaction between the teachers and the students and between the students, and the establishment of democracy, equality, solidarity and cooperation between the teachers and the students who will learn from each other. First, in the relationship between the teachers and the students, the teachers should respect, understand and trust the students, trying to create a democratic, equal, harmonious, and inclusive classroom teaching atmosphere, which will make the love fill between teachers and students, so as to stimulate the enthusiasm of the students. Then the relationship among the students, in addition to hoping to get teacher's approval, the students also hope to get involved in the class collectively, and to get the affirmation of their companions on their characters and abilities. Therefore, teachers should pay attention to the construction of the negotiated learning, and increase exchange opportunities among the students, which is conducive to the students to increase understanding of others, and help students stand in the position of others to look at the problems. Establish the environment to let the students conduct the group cooperative learning, cultivate their teamwork spirits, enhance the effectiveness of their communication, and encourage the guide of their companions, which can play the role of learning from each other, and complementing each other, so as to promote the mutual understandings, communication and support among the students.

5. Acknowledgements

Foundation item: One of the initial results of the project of the classroom teaching reform of higher education in Zhejiang province in 2013 "Study and practice of the 'Five Combination' teaching method of the social etiquette course" (Project Number: kg2013814).

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