简析定语从句的用法

时间:2022-08-27 08:12:59

摘 要: 本文通过实例浅析了英语中定语从句的基本用法。

关键词: 定语从句 先行词 关系代词

一、如何分析定语从句

定语从句是英语学习中见得最多、用得最广的从句。正确分析定语从句对于理清语法结构、理解句子含义、提高阅读能力具有重要的意义。

1.功能

相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语。

2.位置

定语从句置于被修饰词之后。

Those who are willing to attend the party,sign here please.

3.先行词

被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词

(1)先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-,any-,every-和no与-body,-thing的合成词或all,none,any,some,that,those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。

(2)先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点:

①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。

e.g.This is the place which is worth visiting.

②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。

e.g.There are many places we can visit(them)in China.

4.关系词

引导定语从句的都称关系词。

关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as。

关系副词:when,where,why。that偶尔也做关系副词

二、定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导

1.关系代词:who,whom,whose,which,that,as。

2.关系副词:when,where,why。

关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。

e.g.He is the man whom I met.(关系代词whom在从句中作宾语语)

A doctor examined the astronauts who returned from space today.(who在从句中作主语)

3.关系代词和关系副词的用法

(1)当先行词为人时用who作主语,一般不能省略;whom作宾语,可以省略;(2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which,可作主语或宾语;(3)先行词为人、物时用that,可做主语(一般不能省略)或宾语(可以省略);(4)whose用作定语,可指人或物;(5)关系副词when(指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语),why(指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语)。

三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1.限制性定语从句

从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。限制性定语从句和主句之间一般不带逗号。

e.g.This is because people who take stimulants think they can keep going and they push their bodies too far.(去掉定语从句,意思就不完整)

2.非限制性定语从句

从句对先行词关系不密切,它们提供补充性信息,可以省去。形式上用逗号隔开,不能用that引导。

e.g.The government,which promises to cut taxes,will be popular.

四、使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题

1.that与which的区别

(1)用that而不用which的情况:①先行词为不定代词all,anything,nothing…②先行词有最高级修饰,有序数词修饰;③先行词有only,very,any等词修饰;④先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g.There is nothing that I can do for you.我没什么可以为你做的。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

This is the best noval that I have ever read.这本小说是我看过的最好的一本。

Mr.Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。

(2)用which而不用that的情况:①引导非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词+关系代词。

e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the pan in which I boiled the milk.这是我煮了牛奶的锅。

(3)as引导定语从句时的用法

①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same...as,such...as结构中。

e.g.I want the same shirt as my friend’s.我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,又可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all,as is said,as is reported,as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。

e.g.As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样,他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

(4)as引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别

①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。

e.g.He made a long speech,as we expected.

He made a long speech,which was unexpected.

②当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。

e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day,which his wife doesn’t like at all.

2.关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数,应由先行词决定。

e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

这些三年级的学生明天将去爬山。

3.定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。

e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4.引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。

e.g.October 1,1949 was the day on which(=when)the People’s Republic of China was founded.

5.当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6.介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可有which,that,whom,口语中也可用who,且可省略。

e.g.The man(whom/who/that)you were talking about has come to school.

7.关系副词when,where和why。

(1)关系副词when引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示时间的先行词,在定语从句中充当时间状语。例如:I still remember the day when I first met Jennifer.我仍然记得第一次见到詹妮弗的那一天。

(2)关系副词where引导定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)修饰表示地点的先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语。例如:This is the office where he worked.这就是他工作过的办公室。

(3)关系副词why引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason,在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如:I don’t know the reason why he came so late.我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。

教师在讲定语从句时一定要仔细分析一下定语从句的含义。不要一见到先行词是时间或者地点名词就用when或where引导,而应看看引导词在定语从句中做什么成分。如果做时间、地点或原因状语才能用when,where和why,也可以分析一下定语从句中是否有主语或宾语。如果既有主语又有宾语,可以用when,where或why引导;假若没有主语和宾语,就要考虑是否用that或which来引导了。如:A.Do you still remember the day(when)we met?B.Do you remember the day(which/that)we spent with professor Li in Xi’an?这两句话里都含有表示时间的先行词“the day”。那么,我们试着分析一下:A句从句中有主语“We”,也有不及物动词“met”,因而,我们可以说先行词“the day”既没有作该从句的主语,又没有作宾语,因此只能用关系副词when引导,相当于“on which”也就是“on the day”的意思。而B句中主语是“we”,宾语没有在“spent”后出现。由于“spent”是个及物动词,故其引导词只能用在从句中充当宾语的关系代词“which”或“that”来引导了。类似的例子还有:

This is the place?摇?摇 ?摇?摇we visited last year. (Where,which,to which,by which)。这是我去年参观的地方。(which是关系代词作宾语,指物)

we will visit the place?摇?摇 ?摇?摇he worked three years ago.(where,which,that,which)我们将参观他三年前工作的地方。(where是关系副词作状语)。

I went to Beijing last year,?摇?摇?摇 ?摇I visited the Great Wall.(when,where,which,that)我去年去了北京,在那儿我参观了长城。在这句话里where也是关系副词作状语。但从形式上看主句和从句用逗号隔开,从内容上看从句对先行词做了补充说明而不是修饰限制,因此它是一个非限制性定语从句。(注意限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别)。

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