利用各种逻辑关系巧解猜测词义猜测题

摘 要： 英语文章中的生词是影响阅读理解和速度的一个重要因素，掌握一定的猜词技巧，即通过定义法、逻辑关系、构词法等猜测词义，对突破高考阅读理解、提高英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。

关键词： 高考题例 因果法 关键词法

近年来，全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，阅读理解题中设置的词义猜测类题多是对生词、短语、指示代词的猜测，生词的词义猜测题常见的有：

The word “...” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by...

The underlined word “...” refers to / probably means...

By saying “...”，the author means...

The expression “...” is closest in meaning to...

Which of the following words can take the place of the word...

针对这些问题，可以归纳出以下有效的方法。

一、因果法

在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们就可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。常用的表示因果关系的词有：because，since，now that，in that，as，for，result in，result from，because of，as a result of，on account of ，thanks to，owing to，due to，so，therefore，thus，consequently，so/such...that，so that。

例1：I hated dinner parties.But I decided to give them another shot because I’m in London.And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York.

What does the word “shot” in Paragraph 1 probably mean

A.Choice B.Try C.Style D.Goal

“我”原来不喜欢派对，但是“我”决定试试，因为“我”现在是在伦敦。此处的shot与 try同义，表示“尝试”，所以选择B。

二、对比法（或转折法）

利用文中的反义词或者表转折和否定意义的词汇猜测词义。英文中常表示转折关系的词或短语有：but，however，while，whereas，yet，though，表示让步关系的单词或短语有：although，as，though，while，even if，even though，in spite of，despite，例表示否定语境中的前者意义的短语有：unlike，instead，instead of，rather than，otherwise，on the contrary，not...but....

例2：The major points of your plan are clear to me ，but the details are still haze.

A.not clear B.well organised C.very long

根据but，所以答案是A。

三、定义法

一般通过定义、定语从句，或者同位语从句确定词义。通常通过is，that is（to say），or，in other words，define，refer to，mean，namely等词汇或者破折号表示。

例3：Here is The Pines ，whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ，wild boar ，and reindeer with surprising sauces .

According the passage，The Pines is a ？摇 ？摇.

A.place in which you can see many mobile homes

B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

通过whose引导的定语从句，不难推出理解题的答案为D。

四、关键词法

关键词就是题目中或者文中最重要的某个词或多数词，如果改变它们，那么整个句意就会发生根本性的改变，所以找见关键词具有至关重要的作用。

例4：I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car，so this was the first time I was on a train.I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread.

Which of the following words can best take the place of the word “relish” in the second paragraph？

A.choose B.enjoy C.prepare for D.carry on

通过体现语境的关键词first time，read and reread，知道虽然是第一次旅行，但是作者买了很多杂志在火车上反复读，所以选择B。

五、指代法

就是通过句中的各种代词，如other，some，still others等猜测词义。

例5：Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs The answer is“yes”，according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.

In Science / Health，“Johns Hopkins” is ？摇 ？摇.

A.a famous university B.a medical center

C.a well-known doctor D.a drug company

根据代词three other medical centers中的other，不难猜出Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心，故选择B。

六、举例法

根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，即使不能完全猜测生词的词义，也能猜出大致意义。标志性的短语有：for example ，for instance，such as，like，and so on。

例6： This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birth day！”is short for：“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”

The word “belated” in Situation IV probably means .

A.predicted B.returned C.cancelled D.delayed

根据引号所列举的例子“Well. I know I forgot，but then I remembered”，所以D正确，“delayed”迟到的，晚来的。

七、同义词法

在英语阅读文章中，多数句子是通过同义词或者近义词表达句意的，考查学生对于同义词的认知能力。

例7：As we walked up to her，my son became intimated by all the blood and medical equipment.He said he was just too scared to go up to her.

The underlined word intimated in the fourth paragraph probably means ？摇 ？摇.

A.astonished B.struck C.frightened D.excited

这道题只要知道scared是frightened的同义词，都是害怕的意思，就很容易选对答案C。

所以在日常教学中，教师要帮助学生进行同义词的专项总结。

八、构词法

在猜测词义的过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。英文单词大多是由词根、前缀、后缀组成的。在词根前后加上前缀或后缀，可以改变磁性或者词义。所以掌握了英文中常见的前后缀就可以很容易猜测词义了。英文中常见的表否定的前后缀有：unlike，dislike，misunderstanding，incorrectly，impolite，illegal，irregular，abnormal，non-smokers，anti-Japanese war，endless。