Doing非doing,用法不一样

时间:2022-07-24 04:06:05

Doing是非谓语动词中的一种,但是在英语中由于用法不同有两个说法,一个是动名词,另一个是现在分词,该语法即是学习难点,又是高考重要考点,而学生还容易混淆,为此笔者做了一些总结,希望有助于“doing”一词用法的学习

一、动名词

动名词的形式及特性:动名词的形式是由动词原形+ing 构成,动名词有时态和语态的变化,兼有动词和名词的特征,因而在句中可以作主语、表语、定语、动词的宾语、介词的宾语等。

1.doing的一般式是doing,表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般情况。

Eg. Learning is important to modern life

It’s a wonder meeting you here

I am thinking of getting a new dictionary

2. doing的完成式为 having done,动名词的完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生,he didn’t mention having failed the exam.

He denied having done anything illegal.

但是要注意有些明确表示时间的动词和介词after/on/upon/for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。

After having (had) some practice, he decided to try again.

After hearing(=having heard) that good news, she couldn’t help laughing

3. doing 的被动语态为being done:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为的承受者时,用被动语态

eg. This question is far from being settled

she is proud of being admitted into the university.

Being lost in the forest is a terrible thing

4. 特殊情况必须用动名词:

1) 动名词做宾语:有些动词或短语动词后常用动名词作宾语。如admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t stand, consider, delay, devote…to, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, get down to, give up, imagine, insist on, keep (on), look forward to, mind, miss, pay attention to, practice, put off, stick to, suggest.

Eg. She admitted having done wrong

He avoid giving his any personal information

I advise him to give up smoking, but in vain

2)在allow,advise, forbid,permit 后直接跟动名词作宾语,如果有名词或代词作宾语,则构成“allow/advise/forbid/permit +名词/代词+不定时(宾语补足语)”之形式

Eg. Passengers are permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.

3)动词need, require, want意为“需要”时,后跟动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式做宾语,意义没有区别

Eg. The flowers need watering/ need to be watered

4)在begin,continue, love, like, hate, prefer, intend, start后用动名词和用不定式做宾语均可,意义没有多大区别。

5)动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, can’t help 后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大,需注意。

Forget, regret, remember + doing, 表示已经发生的动作,后跟to do表示将要发生的动作。

Go on 后跟动名词表示“继续做原来做的事”;后跟不定式表示“接着做另一件事”。

Mean后跟动名词表示“意味着要做某事”;后跟不定式表示“想要做某事”

Stop 后跟动名词表示“停止做某事”;后跟不定式表示“停下来开始做另一件事”

Try doing sth 表示“试着做某事”;try to do 表示“努力做某事”

Be used to 后跟动名词表示“习惯于做某事”,后跟不定式表示“被用来做某事”。

Can’t help 后跟动名词表示“禁不住做某事”,后跟不定式表示“不能帮助做某事”

6)doing的复合结构

形式为one’s doing/ sb/sth + doing

动名词的复合结构,实际上是给动名词加了一个逻辑主语。

Do you mind my/me/jack’s/jack leaving now?

二、现在分词

现在分词的形式及特征:现在分词与动名词同行,现在分词有一般式和完成式,并有主动语态和被动语态,兼有动词、形容词、副词的特征,因而在句中可以作宾语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和状语等。

He is the boy swimming in the river(作后置定语)

The story is very moving and interesting(作表语)

He was found swimming in the river(做主语补足语)

Swimming in the river in summer, we can feel cool.(做时间状语)

1)现在分词的一般式:表示现在分词的一般式与谓语动词动作同时发生

They entered the theatre, talking and laughing

Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.

The bridge being built will be completed next month

现在分词的完成式:现在分词的完成式咸鱼谓语动词动作之前发生

Having reviewed his lesson, he went to bed

Not having received an answer, he wrote again

Having been badly injured in the accident, he was sent to hospital immediately

2) 现在分词的功能

(1)现在分词由于兼有动词、形容词、副词的特征,在句中可以作定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和状语等,因而也可以和相应的定语从句、宾语从句和(表示时间、原因、条件、让步)状语从句转换。

The question being discussed(= which is being discussed) are of great important

While crossing (= while you cross) the street, you must be careful

On arriving(= as soon as I arrive) there, I’ll telephone you.

(2)现在分词作伴随或方式状语不能用状语从句替换,但可以改写成and 连接的并列句或变成with复合结构和which 引导的非限制性定语从句。

Working hard(= if you work hard), you will succeed in time

They stood there, glaring at (= and glared at) each other

(3)现在分词作结果状语不能用状语从句替换,但可以改写成and 连接的并列句或变成with复合机构和which引导的非限制性定语从句。

His parents died, leaving(= and left) him a lot of money

His parents died, with him a lot of money.

(4)现在分词作宾语补足语:动作由宾语发出,强调动作的延续或进行,非全过程,适用于两类动词。

如:1感觉、感官动词discover/feel/find/

hear/imagine/listen/observe/watch/see等

2 使役、致使等动词catch /have/let/

make/leave/keep/set 等

注意:作宾语补足语的分词如果表示正在发生的被动动作,前面要加being

Eg. I saw you talking to Paul just now

She noticed him carrying a bag

The boy was caught cheating in the exam

He was seen being taken away by the police

(5)在某些动词或词组后常可用现在分词作状语:

Spend time (in)doing sth.

Waste time (in)doing sth.

Have difficulty in doing sth.

(6)With + 宾语+ doing 表示主动和正在进行,作状语(时间、原因、让步、伴随等)此时with的宾语为现在分词的逻辑主语。

(7)现在分词与其逻辑主语构成独立主格结构,作状语,表示主动或正在进行, 此时分词与句子主语无逻辑关系,不受其限制。

(8)某些现在分词构成的固定短语在句中可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在,它们往往作为独立成分来修饰全句,表明说话者的态度、观点等, 作评注性状语。此时分词与句子主语无逻辑关系,不受其限制。常见的此类短语有:generally speaking ,telling the truth,frankly speaking, broadly speaking, honestly speaking, supposing, providing, considering等。

【参考文献】

[1]吕品.考试《高考 英语》2011年第10期 《点击动名词》

[2]章和申.考试《高考 英语》2011年第10期 《现在分词难点解析》

[3]岑耀坤.考试《高考 英语》2011年第6期.《现在分词作状语》

[4]霍荣会《高中英语语法表解大全》.首都师范大学出版社

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