Where There Is Oppression, There Is Resistance―An Analysis of the Motives of Hea

[a]　School　of　Foreign　Languages，　Sun　Yat-Sen　University，　Guangzhou，　China.

*Corresponding　author.

Received　7　August　2012；　accepted　20　December　2012

Abstract

Wuthering　Heights　is　one　of　the　most　successful　novels　in　the　world.　Heathcliff’s　crazy　revenge　even　gains　lots　of　attention.　From　the　perspective　of　psychology，　especially　Abraham　H.　Maslow’s　motivation　theory，　this　paper　studies　the　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge.　It　finds　out　that　the　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge　were　attributed　to　the　dissatisfaction　of　the　five　basic　needs　of　human　beings，　especially　the　safety　needs，　the　esteem　needs　and　the　self-actualization　needs.　The　revenge　was，　in　fact，　the　instinctive　resistance　to　the　oppression.

Key　words：　Wuthering　Heights；　Motivation；　Oppression；　Resistance；　Heathcliff’s　revenge

LONG　Jixing　（2012）.　where　There　Is　oppression，　There　Is　resistance―An　analysis　of　the　motives　of　heathcliff’s　Revenge.　Studies　in　Literature　and　Language，　5（3），　-0.　Available　from：　http：///index.php/sll/article/view/j.sll.1923156320120503.1030

DOI：　http：///10.3968/j.sll.1923156320120503.1030

INTRODUCTION

Wuthering　Heights，　first　published　in　1847，　was　Emily　Bront?’s　only　novel.　It　mainly　tells　a　story　about　how　the　hero-Heathcliff　changed　from　a　crazy　avenger.　It　is　a　marvelous　love　story　about　love　and　hate，　life　and　death.　As　published，　its　gloomy　description　of　the　background　and　the　enormous　contrast　of　the　plots　have　attracted　a　great　number　of　readers.　Heathcliff’s　abnormal　revenge　not　only　brings　a　great　shock　to　the　readers，　but　also　makes　the　work　to　be　one　of　the　most　controversial　works　in　the　literature　world.　Wuthering　Heights　is　been　viewed　as　“a　fascinating　enigma　in　English　Letters”　and　“the　sphinx　of　literature”　（Allott，　1992，　p.　12）.　Besides，　it　has　inspired　around　10　movies　since　1939.　It　is　quite　popular　in　China　and　there　are　more　than　30　Chinese　versions.　In　the　realm　of　literature　studies，　thousands　of　scholars　have　studied　the　revenge　of　Heathcliff.　However，　according　to　the　database　of　Web　of　Science　and　CNKI　（National　Knowledge　Infrastructure，　a　database　of　academic　papers　in　China），　there　were　few　papers　focused　on　motivation　of　Heathcliff　such　as　Liang　Yuling　and　Li　Lei　（2001）　and　Shi　Yeli　（2004）　studied　Heathcliff’s　revenge　from　the　perspective　of　Freudian　psychoanalysis.　Others　such　as　Shen　Weiwei　（2007）　focused　on　Heathcliff’s　identity　studies，　and　Chen　Mingxia　（2010）　analyzed　the　humanity　of　Heathcliff　from　the　perspective　of　space.　As　a　matter　of　fact，　motivation　is　closely　related　to　behavior.　It　“explains　why　a　particular　behavior　is　selected　and　why　that　behavior　occurs　with　a　given　degree　of　vigor”　（Hoyenga　&　Hoyenga，　1984，　p.　6）.　Therefore，　this　paper　focuses　on　the　basic　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge.　From　the　perspective　of　psychology，　especially　Abraham　H.　Maslow’s　motivation　theory，　the　paper　tries　to　analyze　why　Heathcliff　has　the　motives　and　how　the　motives　come　into　being.

1. OVERVIEW　OF　WUTHERING　HEIGHTS

Heathcliff　used　to　be　a　homeless　dark-skinned　boy　who　led　a　miserable　life　in　a　street　of　Liverpool.　Then　Mr.　Earnshaw，　the　owner　of　Wuthering　Heights，　saw　him　by　chance.　Mr.　Earnshaw　brought　him　to　Wuthering　Heights　and　raised　him　as　his　own　son.　Although　Heathcliff　made　friends　with　Catherine　（the　daughter　of　Mr.　Earnshaw），　and　received　much　attention　and　love　from　Mr.　Earnshaw，　he　was　not　welcomed　by　Mr.　Earnshaw’s　wife，　his　son　Hindley　and　even　the　servant　Joseph.　Hindley　was　so　jealous　of　Heathcliff　that　he　always　treated　Heathcliff　savagely　and　rudely.　In　spite　of　humiliation，　Heathcliff　rarely　fought　against　them　nor　complained　to　Mr.　Earnshaw.

Hindley　married　a　woman　named　Frances　and　he　inherited　the　estate　after　Mr.　Earnshaw’s　death.　Heathcliff’s　life　in　Wuthering　Heights　became　even　more　miserable.　Hindley　brutalized　him　and　forced　him　to　work　as　a　servant　instead　of　a　family　member.　Catherine　was　the　only　friend　of　Heathcliff　at　that　time，　and　they　soon　fell　in　love.　By　chance，　Catherine　made　friends　with　the　Lintons　of　Thrushcross　Grange.　She　was　totally　attracted　by　the　wealth　of　the　family，　and　especially　attached　to　the　noble　and　mild　young　Edgar.　Hindley’s　life，　however，　was　not　all　plain　sailing.　A　short　time　after　giving　birth　to　a　son，　Hareton，　his　wife　Frances　died.　Jarred　by　the　sad　news，　Hindley　then　began　to　indulge　in　drinking.　With　the　time　passed，　Edgar　and　Catherine　became　close　friends.　Edagar　proposed　to　Catherine　some　years　later.　Immersed　in　happiness，　Catherine　agreed　immediately　without　telling　Heathcliff.　Hearing　the　news，　Heathciliff　quickly　ran　away.　Catherine　then，　due　to　the　disappearing　of　Heathcliff，　became　seriously　ill.　Thanks　to　the　meticulous　care　of　Edgar，　she　recovered，　and　finally　married　Edgar.

Heathcliff　returned　to　Wuthering　Heights　some　years　later.　To　everyone’s　surprise，　he　became　a　very　wealthy　gentleman.　He　began　to　revenge　those　who　had　ever　lived　with　him.　First　of　all，　by　enticing　Hindley　into　playing　card　games，　he　made　Hindley　in　debt，　and　took　the　ownership　of　Wuthering　Heights　in　a　matter　of　course.　In　the　second　place，　in　order　to　ruin　his　rival　in　loveEdgar，　he　lured　Edgar’s　sister　Isabella　to　elope　with　him　and　premeditated　to　inherit　Thrushcross　Grange.　As　to　his　true　love　Catherine，　he　broke　her　heart　by　pretending　to　love　Isabella.　Utterly　fatigued，　Catherine　became　very　ill　and　died　after　giving　birth　to　a　daughter　who　was　also　named　Cathy.　Catherine’s　death　was　a　great　shock　to　Heathcliff，　and　from　then　on，　he　became　more　cold-blooded　and　ruthless.　He　tormented　everybody　around　him.　He　madly　abused　Isabella.　Mentally　and　physically　exhausted，　Isabella　escaped　from　the　house.　Later，　Isabella　bore　a　boy，　Heathcliff’s　son，　named　Linton.　After　taking　the　ownership　of　Wuthering　Heights，　Heathcliff　controlled　Hindley’s　son　Hareton.　He　treated　Hareton　ruder　and　crueler　than　he　had　suffered　in　his　early　years　in　Wuthering　Heights.　Some　years　later，　when　Isabella　died，　Heathcliff　took　the　sickly　child　Linton　to　Wuthering　Heights.　Heathcliff　also　treated　his　own　son　savagely　and　cruelly.　Vengeance　let　Heathcliff　continue　to　do　evil　things.　He　cheated　young　Cathy　to　marry　Linton.　Linton　was　a　weak　and　sick　boy，　shortly　after　marriage，　he　died　of　illness.　As　a　result，　Cathy　became　a　widow　and　Heathcliff　gained　complete　control　of　both　Wuthering　Heights　and　Thrushcross　Grange.

Crazy　revenge　had　not　brought　happiness　to　Heathcliff，　he　still　led　a　lonely　live.　As　a　matter　of　fact，　he　was　not　happy　at　all.　He　never　married　or　had　friend　again　and　always　dreamed　of　living　with　Catherine.　He　chose　death　in　the　end.　Maybe　only　in　this　way　would　he　live　together　with　his　honey　and　true　love　Catherine　forever.

2. ABRAHAM　H.　MASLOW’S　MOTIVATION　THEORY

Motivation　is　an　important　concept　in　psychology.　Hundreds　of　theorists　have　studied　it　and　put　forward　plenty　of　understandings　from　different　perspectives.　Among　them，　Abraham　H.　Maslow’s　Motivation　Theory　is　acknowledged　to　be　one　of　the　most　influential　and　popular　theories.　Therefore，　guided　by　his　theory，　the　paper　tries　to　analyze　the　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge.

2.1 The　Relationship　Between　Motivation　and　the　Basic　Needs　of　Human　Beings

Maslow　proposes　his　famous　theory　of　“hierarchy　of　needs”　in　the　paper　A　Theory　of　Human　Motivation　（1943）.　The　hierarchy　of　needs　is　composed　of　five　needs　（self-actualization　needs，　esteem　needs，　love/belong　needs，　safety　needs　and　physiological　needs），　and　is　usually　portrayed　in　the　shape　of　a　pyramid，　with　the　need　for　self　actualization　at　the　top　and　the　other　four　fundamental　level　of　needs　at　the　bottom.　From　the　perspective　of　him，　the　satisfaction　of　the　needs　have　great　influence　on　the　moods　of　human　being.　He　also　points　out　although　the　most　basic　level　of　needs　must　be　met　before　desiring　for　the　higher　level　of　needs，　the　motivations　from　different　levels　may　occur　at　the　same　time.　In　the　book　Motivation　and　Personality　（1954），　he　illustrates　his　theory　of　motivation，　which　connects　the　motives　of　human’s　behaviors　to　these　basic　needs.　Firstly，　he　analyzes　how　the　aspects　such　as　body　condition，　culture，　environment，　etc.　influence　the　behavior　of　human　beings.　Then，　he　points　out　that　motivation　study　must　be　“in　part　the　study　of　the　ultimate　human　goals　or　desires　or　needs”　（Maslow，　1954，　1999，　p.　22）.　On　the　basis　of　these，　he　puts　forward　the　famous　“holistic　theory”.　As　he　mentions，　this　theory　is　“in　the　functionalist　tradition　of　James　and　Dewey，　and　is　fused　with　the　holism　of　Wertheimer，　Goldstein，　and　Gestalt　psychology，　and　with　the　dynamicism　of　Freud，　Fromm，　Horney，　Reich，　Jung，　and　Adler”.　And　he　calls　the　theory　“a　holistic　theory”　（Maslow，　1954，　1999，　p.　35）.　It　contains　five　basic　needs　which　are　closely　related　to　the　motives　of　human　beings.　The　basic　needs　are，　“the　physiological　needs”，　“the　safety　needs”，　“the　esteem　needs”，　“the　needs　for　self-actualization”，　and　finally，　“the　aesthetic　needs”　（Maslow，　1954，　1999，　pp.　35-51）.　In　his　opinion，　all　behaviors　of　human　beings　have　motives　and　the　motives　can　be　attributed　to　the　five　basic　needs.

2.2 The　Illustration　of　the　Five　Needs

As　the　five　needs　are　so　important　to　human　beings　and　directly　influence　human　beings’　behavior　and　personality，　it　is　quite　necessary　to　illustrate　them　at　first.

The　physiological　needs

the　most　basic　needs　of　human　beings　are　introduced　in　the　first　place.　It　is　the　physiological　drives　that　decide　the　physiological　needs.　Physiological　drives　are　tied　up　with　two　factors　which　are　homeostasis　and　appetites.　Homeostasis　refers　to　“the　body’s　automatic　efforts　to　maintain　a　constant，　normal　state　of　the　blood　stream”，　whereas　appetites　relate　to　“the　lack　of　some　chemical　in　the　body”　（Maslow，　1954，　1999，　pp.　35-36）.　Only　when　the　body　met　these　basic　needs，　can　the　social　communication　develop　successfully.　In　the　second　place，　it　is　quite　necessary　to　talk　about　the　safety　needs.　As　its　name　implies，　the　safety　needs　refer　to　the　need　of　living　environment　which　is　safe，　well　organized，　and　full　of　love.　Thirdly，　it　is　essential　to　discuss　the　esteem　needs.　As　Maslow　proposes，　“all　people　in　our　society　have　a　need　or　desire　for　a　stable，　firmly　based，　usually　high　evaluation　of　themselves，　for　self-respect，　or　self-esteem，　and　for　the　esteem　of　others”　（Maslow，　1954，　1999，　p.　45）.　That　is　to　say，　respect　is　indispensible，　only　with　mutual　respect　can　people　grow　up　healthily　and　live　happily.　The　fourth　needs　to　be　talked　about　are　the　needs　for　self-actualization.　They　deal　with　dreams.　Everyone　has　one　or　more　dreams，　through　the　pursuit　of　dream，　man　feel　self-fulfillment.　Finally，　the　interpretation　of　the　aesthetic　needs.　Aesthetic　needs　are　obviously　the　highest　level　of　these　five　needs.　The　needs　are　connected　closely　with　cognition.　Human　beings　have　the　needs　on　judging　the　things　around　them.

3. ANALYSIS　OF　THE　MOTIVES　OF　HEATHCLIFF’S　REVENGE

Based　on　Maslow’s　motivation　theory，　the　motivations　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge　can　be　classified　into　different　categories　according　to　the　five　basic　needs.　As　can　be　seen　from　the　plot　introduction　above，　Heathcliff　led　a　lonely　and　unhappy　life.　He　used　to　be　a　foundling，　and　no　one　cared　about　his　life.　After　the　adoption　by　Mr.　Earnshaw，　he　meant　to　live　happily　and　enjoy　life.　However，　he　suffered　even　more　not　only　in　physical　but　also　in　mental.　After　the　death　of　Mr.　Earnshaw，　he　became　a　servant　of　the　family　and　was　treated　much　rougher.　Almost　all　of　the　five　basic　needs　talked　above　were　never　met　by　him.　He　led　a　horse-liked　life　and　did　not　meet　the　physiological　needs　of　human　beings.　People　around，　except　Catherine，　all　treated　him　quite　rude　which　made　him　has　little　sense　of　safety.　He　was　rarely　esteemed　by　others.　Few　people　cared　about　his　ideas　and　what’s　more，　his　true　love　Catherine　betrayed　him　and　married　Edgar　finally.　So　we　can　say　Heathcliff’s　revenge　mainly　owned　to　the　little　satisfaction　of　the　five　needs.

Although　the　five　basic　needs　played　a　great　role　in　shaping　the　cold-blooded　personality　of　Heathcliff，　from　his　life　experiences　perspective，　it　is　the　safety　needs，　the　esteem　needs　and　the　self-actualization　needs　that　influenced　him　more.　Therefore，　the　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge　will　be　discussed　on　the　aspects　of　these　three　needs　as　follows.

3.1 The　Motive　Originating　from　the　Safety　Needs

Except　Mr.　Earnshaw　and　Catherine，　Heathcliff　received　little　love　from　the　family　members.　Besides，　his　living　condition　changed　time　after　time.　And　what’s　more，　Catherine’s　betray　greatly　shocked　his　life.

When　firstly　introduced　to　Wuthering　Heights　by　Mr.　Earnshaw，　Heathcliff　was　not　welcomed　by　other　family　members.　They　all　did　not　like　him　and　these　can　be　seen　from　their　reactions　to　him：　Mrs.　Earnshaw　wanted　to　fling　him　out　of　doors.　“She　did　fly　up，　asking　how　he　could　fashion　to　bring　that　gypsy　brat　into　the　house，　when　they　had　their　own　bairns　to　feed　and　fend　for？　What　he　meant　to　do　with　it，　and　whether　he　were　mad？”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　27）.　The　two　children　“entirely　refused　to　have　it　in　bed　with　them，　or　even　in　their　room”，　and　the　housemaid　“put　it　on　the　landing　of　the　stairs，　hoping　it　might　he　gone　on　the　morrow”　（ibid）.　Although　Mr.　Earnshaw　tried　his　best　to　take　care　of　him，　Heathcliff　was　still　treated　badly　by　Hindley　and　other　servants.　Hindley　usually　scolded　him，　cursed　him　and　beat　him.

When　Hindley　inherited　the　estate　of　Wuthering　Heights，　he　continued　to　bully　Heathcliff.　“He　drove　him　from　their　company　to　the　servants，　deprived　him　of　the　instructions　of　the　curate，　and　insisted　that　he　should　labor　out　of　doors　instead；　compelling　him　to　do　so，　as　hard　as　any　other　lab　on　the　farm”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　34）.

Besides　these　humiliations，　Catherine’s　betray　made　him　lose　himself.　After　the　death　of　Mr.　Earnshaw，　Catherine　became　the　only　family　who　cared　about　him.　They　loved　each　other　very　much　and　their　spirits　were　closely　linked.　To　some　extent，　Catherine　was　him　and　he　was　Catherine.　However，　in　order　to　living　wealthy　and　decently，　Catherine　betrayed　their　love　and　agreed　to　married　Edgar　at　last.　To　Heathcliff，　Catherine’s　betray　undoubtedly　was　a　kind　of　ruin　of　life.

Without　the　basic　love　and　care，　without　the　feeling　of　safety，　Heathcliff’s　heart　was　full　of　animosity.　He　hated　the　family　and　he　had　the　motivation　to　revenge.

3.2 The　Motive　Originating　from　the　Esteem　Needs

Besides　never　met　the　needs　of　safety，　Heathcliff　also　never　met　the　needs　of　esteem.

Heathcliff　quarreled　with　Hindley　for　changing　their　horses　at　one　time.　Hindley　bused　and　beat　him　terribly：　Hindley　“put　out　his　tongue，　and　cuffed　him　over　the　ears.　He　even　threw　an　iron　weight　to　him”.　Besides，　from　the　words　of　Hindley，　we　can　see　how　contemptuously　he　spoke　to　Heathcliff.　He　never　called　his　name　but　used　the　words　such　as　“dog”　or　“gypsy”　instead.　He　cursed　and　threatened　him，　“I　pray　that　the　horse　may　break　your　neck.　Be　damned，　you　beggarly　interloper！　And　wheedle　my　father　out　of　all　he　has，　only　afterwards　show　him　what　you　are，　imp　of　Satan.　And　take　that，　I　hope　he’ll　kick　out　your　brains！”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　29）.

When　took　over　the　estate　of　Wuthering　Heights，　Hindley　treated　him　much　cooler.　He　was　degraded　and　viewed　as　low　as　dumb　things.　He　was　not　allowed　to　live　inside　the　house　but　in　the　stable.

The　people　lived　in　Thrushcross　Grange　also　scorned　him.　When　Catherine　and　he　invaded　Thrushcross　Grange　at　the　first　time，　people　there　all　just　cared　about　the　injured　Catherine　and　showed　little　respect　to　him.　Mrs.　even　Linton　blamed　Hindley　for　his　carelessness　of　allowing　Catherine　to　play　with　a　gypsy.　She　remarked　Heathcliff　as　a　bad　boy.　“A　wicked　boy，　at　all　events”，　she　said，　“and　quite　unfit　for　a　decent　house！”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　37）.

Esteem　is　a　basic　need　to　human　being.　Sadly　and　unfortunately，　Heathcliff　never　met　this　basic　need.　To　the　people　around，　he　was　just　an　animal-lowed　foundling　and　did　not　deserve　to　be　respected.　Since　people　had　viewed　him　as　an　animal，　the　subsequent　animal-liked　revenge　was　a　matter　of　course.

3.3 The　Motive　Originating　from　the　Self-Actualization　Needs

Heathcliff　had　ever　had　upward　mobility.　Like　anybody　in　the　world，　he　also　dreamed　of　success，　dreamed　of　wealthy　life，　and　dreamed　of　being　respected　by　others.　However，　it　was　the　vision　of　a　better，　the　reality　was　always　cruel.　Few　people　cared　about　his　dream　and　they　always　made　jokes　on　him.

No　one　had　ever　told　Heathclif　to　pay　attention　to　hygiene，　so　he　was　careless　and　uncared　for　it.　He　seldom　washed　himself　and　wore　the　same　clothes　for　quite　a　long　time.　When　Catherine　came　back　home　from　Thrushcross　Grange，　she　dressed　up　well，　“A　grand　plaid　silk　frock，　white　trousers，　and　burnished　shoes”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　39）.　Her　beautiful　appearance　formed　a　great　contrast　to　Heathcliff’s　dirty　and　smelly　clothes.　Heathcliff　was　shamed　about　it　and　he　asked　for　Nelly’s　help.　He　said　to　Nelly，　“Make　me　decent，　I’m　going　to　be　good”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　41）.　When　talked　about　Edgar　with　Nelly，　he　showed　his　envy　on　him，　“I　wish　I　had　light　hair　and　a　fair　skin，　and　was　dressed　and　behaved　as　well，　and　had　a　chance　of　being　as　rich　as　he　will　be”　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　42）.　When　he　in　dressed　up　cleanly　and　presented　in　front　of　them，　what　he　received　was　only　a　sneer.　The　result　was，　obviously，　a　tragedy.　He　could　not　stand　to　be　laugh　at　and　dashed　the　thing　next　to　him　to　Edgar’s　face.　Hindley　snatched　him　up　and　pulled　him　to　the　chamber.　He　was　flogged　there.

Lose　his　honey　Catherine，　Heathcliff　was　terribly　despairing，　his　heart　was　dispersed.　Several　years　later，　he　became　very　wealthy　and　came　back　to　call　on　Catherine.　As　Catherine’s　friend　and　a　rich　man　now，　he　meant　to　have　an　excellent　reception，　but　Edgar　still　looked　down　upon　him.　These　can　be　reflected　from　the　dialogue　between　Catherine　and　Edgar　（Bront?，　2000，　p.　70）：

Cathy：　Oh，　Edgar　darling！　Heathcliff’s　come　back

he　is！”

Edgar：　Well，　well，　do　not　strange　me　for　that！　He　never　struck　me　as　such　a　marvelous　treasure.　There　is　no　need　to　be　frantic！

Cathy：　I　know　you　did　not　like　him.　Yet，　for　my　sake， you　must　be　friends　now.

Shall　I　tell　him　to　come　up？

Edgar：　Here，　into　the　parlor？

Cathy：　Where　else？

Edgar：　I　suggest　the　kitchen　as　a　more　suitable　place　for　him.

Heathcliff　never　received　acknowledgement　by　these　people　around　him.　From　their　perspective　of　view，　he　was　merely　a　gypsy，　a　ploughboy　a　clown　and　a　foundling.　Suffered　too　much　and　always　lived　in　misery，　revenge　is　a　kind　of　resistance，　a　kind　of　way　for　relief.

CONCLUSION

From　the　analysis　above，　it　can　be　concluded　that　the　motives　of　Heathcliff’s　revenge　were　attributed　to　the　dissatisfaction　of　the　five　basic　needs，　especially　the　dissatisfaction　of　the　safety　needs，　the　esteem　needs　and　the　self-actualization　needs.　Heathcliff　was　an　ordinary　man　like　all　of　us；　he　desired　love　and　care　as　well.　Unfortunately，　the　childhood　traumas　distorted　his　soul　and　he　grew　into　a　cruel　man　full　of　hatred.　His　life　was　colorless，　lack　of　love，　respect，　and　even　hope.　He　was　degraded　by　the　family　members　and　bitten　badly　by　Hindley　and　the　servants.　Few　people　around　except　Catherine　took　care　of　him，　and　he　was　always　the　one　to　be　laughed　at.　However，　Catherine　chose　to　marry　Edgar　because　of　vanity.　Catherine’s　betray　frustrated　him　completely，　and　caused　his　villain　at　last.　In　these　cases，　he　urged　to　rebel　against　the　unjust　world，　and　his　revenge　was　a　kind　of　resistance，　the　instinctive　resistance　to　the　horrific　oppression.　As　a　Chinese　saying　goes，　where　there　is　oppression，　there　is　resistance.

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