A Research of Tourism Poverty Alleviation Model of Reservoir Region:Case study o

（1. College of Economics and Management ,Southwest University , Chongqing ;

2. College of Internatioanl Tourism, Macao University of Science and TechnologyFaculty, Macao,China）

Abstract: The choice of tourism poverty alleviation model must adjust measure to the local situation. This paper is aim on the Three Gorge of Chongqing and provides the government guiding tourism poverty alleviation model based on the evaluation of local tourism resource and poverty level. The tourism poverty alleviation supportive models for each type of counties based on the four quadrant method are provided as well as the reference suggestion.

Key words: tourism resource evaluation, poverty level, tourism poverty alleviation, the Three Gorge of Chongqing

1. Introduction

It is a new issue in recent international research circle about the connection of tourism and anti-poverty. The British International Development Bureau provided a new concept of PPT (pro- poor tourism, which means the tourism industry that helpful for the development of poor people) in the report to Sustainable Development Committee and put the increasing benefit and development opportunity for poor group as the corn question (Ashley C&Boyd C, Goodwin H,2000; Butcherand G. simmons,2003) In China, 600 millions people have already left away from poverty through tourism (He Guangwei,1999). Therefore, tourism poverty alleviation as a way of anti- poverty got much attention by researchers. Many Chinese researchers (Hu Xiru,2003; Li Guoping,2004; Kuang Xuedong, 2008; Du Zhongchao&Gao Xia and Jin Ping,2008) provides many models of it based on the practice of some cases, such as government- leading, ecotourism, comprehensive tourism, peasant household and peasant household, government and community and peasant household, enterprise and peasant household and government and enterprise and household and indeed show much practical value in the future poverty alleviation.

However, these models exists regional specific and individual differnce. The Three Gorge, which is the biggest water reservoir of China and the poor region as well ， not only has rich tourism resource in both cultural and natural but also have heavy burden of the anti-poverty for local government. Tourism as a practical and fruitful tool must be established on the foundation of clear understanding of local tourism resource and the poverty type in different region so that provide the tourism development model which exactly meet local need.

For the situation of the Three Gorge in Chongqing, the geographic location is 28°28′～31°44′north latitude and 105°49′～110°12′east longitude. This area is 56 thousands km2 and include 15 counties and regions (Institute of Three Gorges Project on Ecology and Environment and Countermeasures Research Group,1998). Until the end of 2008, there are 846, 400 people in poverty and share 59.48% of the whole poverty people of Chongqing city. In the 15 counties and regions, 9 of them are on the list of national emphasis gives aid to. And the rest 6 counties are not rich either. In a word, the Three Gorge in Chongqing city not only is a huge main poverty area but also has fragile ecosystems and rich tourism resource. As the record of the local tourism bureau, 17.93 millions tourists visit this area; include 0.32 millions foreign tourists as well (Chongqing Tourism Bureau, 2009).

2. Methodology

Compared to the former research which main focus on quality method, this research pays much more attention on quantitative issue. Meanwhile, it will be divided into two parts of the investigation with the support of statistic software SPSS 13. 0. First of all is the evaluation of the local main tourism resource. The author will plan to use the Analytical Hierarchy Process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to do the quantitative research. Meanwhile, the comparison matrix of index importance degree and the weight of each index will be established. And finally design the evaluation model of the tourism resource based on the AHP, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and the practice of the Three Gorge(Huang Guoqing ,2011).And the steps are as following:

1, establish system index and the degree structure of index set;

2, build the pairing comparison matrix;

3, calculate relative weight of each index;

4, Consistency check for index weight

5, build Hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model and calculate total score and the score will quantified into F={5,4,3,2,1} with the degree in order of excellent, good, normal, bad, worse.

The next evaluation is for the poverty level of each county. The data is from the annual statistic of Chongqing in 2009 and select the related data for three indexes, included economical, social, and demographical. And this evaluation main use SPSS13.O and principal component analysis to analyze this data.

3. Result

(1) Statistic result

The scores of the representative tourism resource are as following: Tongjing Hot spring(3.53), East hot spring(3.50), Damu blossom village(3.56), Changshou lake(3.63), Simian Mountain(3.90), Qinlong waterfall(3.50), Fengdu ghost town(3.70), Shibao village(3.74), Former house of Liubocheng(3.42), Zhangfei temple(3.66), Baidi town(3.91), The less three gorge(4.26), Hongchiba national forest park(3.90), Huangshui national forest park(3.83), Xiannv mountain、furong hole、three natural bridge(3.99).

The commom factor information is as following based on principal component analysis.

Based on the component score coefficient matrix and the standardization of the original variables value, finally is the calculation of total score based on the score of each factor and the contribution of variance. The rotated contribution of variance are 37.06554, 21.66806, 14.46089, 13.32872, And the total contribution of variance is 86.523. Then, the poverty level of each county is: Yubei(78.16), Wanzhou(121.84), Banan(128.64),Fulin(136.04),Jiangjin(144.68),Changshou(154.71),Kaicounty(193.62), Zhongcounty(202.31),Fengdu(209.47),Yunyang(218.18),Wulong(226.66),Fengjie(232.45), Wushan(237.55), Shizhu(240.84), Wuxi(264.11).

(2) Poverty type division

The author uses Four quadrant methods to divide the double high (high poverty level and high quality of tourism resource), double low, low poverty &high tourism resource, high poverty & low tourism resource as the below figure:

4. Conclusion

The Three Gorge of Chongqing is a non-developing region which with high population density, slow economy development and fragil ecological environment. Government plays the crucial role in the tourism poverty alleviation in this area.

Government guilding tourism poverty alleviation modelis the model that central or local government in order to improve economy development provide direction and support through making law, policy and plan and spend tourism industry development capital and therefore get better tourism environment, shake off poverty and achieve comprehensive revitalization of economy and society (LiuXiangming & YangZhimin,2002).

The former research result indicates that whether the local residence get the benefit and the level of benefit depends on their participation way of tourism (Feng Wanrong &Zhao Qinghong ,2007).Meanwhile, much attention must be paid on the ecological environment and raise environmental awareness and finally achieve the comprehensive unification of economy, society and environment. Based on the above analysis, the author provide the government guiding tourism poverty alleviation model from economical (local tourism industry chain), social (community participation) and environmental (ecology protection).

For the supportive model for different type of counties, there will be concluded as the below discussion:

The double high level area which means high poverty level but has great tourism resource is suitable for the scenic spot guiding model. The core of this model lie in the Maximization of benefit and put the lower level tourism resource into tourism routine and prolong the tourism industry chain and try to keep the tourism consumption in local society. Wulong, Wushan, Fengjie, Shizhu and Wuxi can use this model since their high tourism resource level and have high reputation in the southeast and northeast of Chongqing and already attracted many visitors.

The model for the region with high tourism resource but lower poverty level is cooperation between government and enterprise. This precondition of this cooperation is good investment environment. Therefore, government is supposed to provide tax and credit discount and many other ways to attract tourism enterprise join in the local tourism development and therefore get more improvement. Jiangjin, which has great tourism resource and relative lower poverty level is suitable for this model.

Farmer house travel is for the double low type of tourism resource and poverty. In the whole basin, the farmer house travel is the most popular tourism program and the main activities are farming experience, fruit pick and taste, leisure, and fishing with the farmer house special food to attract urban residence’s visit. This kind of project does not need big investment but can get return soon with high rate.

Yubei, Wanzhou, Bannan, Fulin, and Changshou are close to the city centre and belong to the “one hour Chongqin circle” (means car drive in one hour from city centrto these places). This location advantage and lower tourism resource decide that the farmer house travel model just meet their condition.

Furthermore, modern agriculture model is for the lower tourism resource but high poverty level. Agriculture is the main industry in this basin. Agriculture industrialization is the essential direction for rural development (Chongqing Municipal Government, 2008-2012). Therefore, develop high output, good quality, ecological and special agricultural product plant and processing industry is the reasonable choice for Kai county, Zhong county, Yunyang, and Fengdu since their resource advantage and foundation in agriculture.

Project Fund: Special Funds of Central Universities Basic Research Funds under Southwest University (No.0909614)

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