宫崎骏真的随“风”而退了?

时间:2022-10-27 05:39:46

“宫崎骏要退休了。”这条消息有多令人震惊,就有多让人难过。一直以来,宫崎骏要退隐江湖的传闻不绝于耳,人们一直不相信,不去相信,或者更准确地说是不愿相信,因为这位用心在制作动画、带给无数人美好回忆的动画大师怎么可以停止创造奇迹。我们习惯了他勾勒的宁静世界,听惯了他娓娓道来的动人故事,更深深地爱上了他创造的那个完美的动画世界。因此,当他宣布《起风了》会是他的最后一部动画电影时,我们心中满是不舍,尽是离愁。不论宫老是否真的决定退休,且让我们尽情去享受和品味这份或是最后的盛宴吧。

The news hit the Venice Film Festival like an unexpected death notice: Hayao Miyazaki, the world's most honored creator of animated features1), was ending his movie career.

"Miyazaki has decided that The Wind Rises will be his last film, and he will now retire," Koji Hoshino, who runs the director's Studio Ghibli, announced at a news conference for the new film, which received its European premiere2) here Sunday. Miyazaki—the Oscar-winning spellbinder3) of 11 features, including the international hits Princess Mononoke, Spirited Away, Howl's Moving Castle and Ponyo—is expected to speak about his decision in Tokyo later this week.

Moviemaking, which requires a general's gift for strategy and a foot soldier's courage, is supposed to be a young man's game. Miyazaki is 72, the age by which most CEOs have slipped into wealthy anonymity4), so he deserves a gold watch5) for his sunset years. But filmmakers, like other artists, often keep going as long as they find sponsors for the things they want to show and tell. For filmmakers like Miyazaki, putting their pictures on the screen wasn't a job. It was their life.

But if Miyazaki wants to hang it up, he couldn't have picked a more piquant6) swan song7). The Wind Rises—its title taken from Paul Valéry's poem Le Cimetière Marin ("The wind is rising! We must try to live!")—weaves a tender, tragic love story into two volcanic decades of Japanese history, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s. Here are unforgettable images of the great Kanto earthquake of 1923, and the firestorms8) that devastated whole cities and killed perhaps 140,000 people. Here is the Depression9) that destroyed Japan while its government spent millions buying weapons from Nazi Germany.

In his first film intended primarily for grownups, Miyazaki has caused political controversy, in his home country and now abroad. The director's protagonist10), whom he portrays as a visionary dreamer, is Jir Horikoshi, designer of the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighter planes that on Dec. 7, in the year of Miyazaki's birth, dropped the bombs on Pearl Harbor.

The movie is really a double biopic11): of Horikoshi, whose life it follows from youth through university to his work at Mitsubishi, with a brief coda12) after World War II, and of the author Tatsuo Hori, whose 1937 novel The Wind Has Risen tells of a tubercular13) girl at a sanitarium14); Hori died in 1953, at 48, of TB15). His life and works inform the character of Naoko Satomi, the young woman who becomes Jir's wife.

Miyazaki has said he was inspired by a quote of Horikoshi's: "All I wanted to do was to make something beautiful." The Wind Rises shows its beauty from its amazing first scene, when the young Jir climbs to the roof of his home and finds a plane parked there. Lured by its colorful avian16) design—white wings, blue feathers, a red tail, pink wheels and a yellow nose—Jir scoots17) aboard this metallic bird for a lovely jaunt18), until shadowed by a huge dirigible19) carrying dozens of military aircraft; the boy falls from the sky and awakes in his bed. The whole film is a series of flights and falls; airy ambitions that crash-dive20) into compromise and tragedy.

Stark21) history and buoyant22) fantasy often link arms in The Wind Rises. An aircraft fan from youth, Jir imagines encounters with Giovanni Caproni, who in 1911 built the first Italian plane. Caproni serves as Jir's spiritual guide, telling the boy that "The whole world's a dream". He looks forward to the advent of commercial aviation: "Instead of bombs, we'll carry passenger" (but his first attempt, essentially a cruise ship lifted by nine sets of wings, crashes).

When Caproni says "Inspiration unlocks the future; technology will catch up", he might be anticipating the untrammeled23) dreams of directors like James Cameron, Ang Lee and Alfonso Cuarón nearly a century later.

In the age of digital animation (and live action), Miyazaki has remained faithful to the hand-drawn technique—the Disney style—that predated24) Pixar's CGI. Indeed, his human figures are abstracted into giant-eyed doll faces and stiff legs, as if walking clumsily on stilts25). Even theJir looks like any anime26) child; and when he stumbles to the ground, his hands and feet make no visible impression on the grass.

Most of the director's grace goes into the landscapes: rural vistas27) rendered in the most delicate pastels28), like the watercolors Naoko paints during Jir's courtship of her. In a hard land heading to a war, Miyazaki makes sure the views are fascinating. His perfect metaphor for a Japan straddling29) the old world and the new: the planes Jir designed are pulled onto the practice field by teams of oxen.

The elegiac30) paint-brushing extends to Jir's visits to Germany, to gauge31) their military-aircraft ingenuity against his, and to his development of the Zero prototype. And when the significant consequences of Jir's creations might be introduced, Miyazaki leaves the Mitsubishi factory to concentrate on the Jir-Naoko love story. Jir stays home to comfort Naoko in her illness, telling her, "In a one-hand slide-rule contest, I'd finish first"—because, while working away, he always holds her hand. Their devotion is heart-strong and constant; as Naoko says, "I've loved you since the wind brought you to me." But this last half-hour of the two-hour film might have addressed the impact of the Jir Zero. It was a beautiful machine that helped tyrannical32) Japan dream of conquering the world.

Whatever its political implications of a movie that glamorizes33) and elegizes34) the makers of war, The Wind Rises shows Miyazaki at his most confident. The film betrays no hint of sapping35) energy, let alone senility36); it is vigorous, subtle, daring and gorgeous. May his announced retirement be a brief, dark whim. May he go on enchanting and challenging moviegoers for years to come.

宫崎骏这个世界上最负盛名的动画创作大师就要结束他的电影生涯了(编注:本文写于2013年9月2日)。这则消息犹如一道突如其来的死亡通知,迅速传遍威尼斯电影节。

“宫崎骏已做出决定,《起风了》将是他最后一部电影,他现在就要退休了。”宫崎骏导演所创办的吉卜力动画工作室的负责人星野晃志在《起风了》新闻会上宣布说。这部新片在欧洲的首映式已于周日在这里(译注:威尼斯)举行。宫崎骏这位极具吸引力的奥斯卡金像奖得主一共执导了11部动画长片,其中就有风靡全球的《幽灵公主》《千与千寻》《哈尔的移动城堡》和《悬崖上的金鱼姬》,预计他将于本周晚些时候在东京公布他的决定。

制作电影本应该是年轻人的游戏,因为它不仅需要具备将军的战略才华,还需要具备步兵的勇气。宫崎骏已经72岁了,大多数这个年纪的老总们都已选择隐退去享受富贵了,因此他也理应享受如此待遇。但和其他艺术家一样,电影制作人只要还能为自己想要展现和表达的东西找到赞助商,通常就会一直做下去。对像宫崎骏这样的电影制作人来说,把自己的绘画作品搬上银幕并不只是一份工作而已,那是他们的生命。

但如果宫崎骏真要收山,再没有什么比《起风了》更为动人的收山之作了。《起风了》取名于诗人保罗·瓦勒里的诗作《海滨墓园》(“起风了!我们必须努力活下去!”)。影片将一个凄婉、悲惨的爱情故事融入日本二十多年(从1918年至20世纪30年代末)的动荡历史,从中可以看到那些令人刻骨铭心的画面,如1923年的关东大地震以及彻底摧毁了数座城市、夺去了大约14万人生命的震后大火;也可以看到就在经济大萧条摧毁日本之际,日本政府却斥资数百万向纳粹德国购买武器。

宫崎骏在他的这部首次以成人为主要受众的影片中业已引起了政治争议,先是在他的祖国日本,现在则蔓延至国际社会。宫崎骏把影片的主人公堀越二郎描写成一个天马行空的梦想家。堀越二郎是三菱A6M“零式”战斗机的设计师,正是这种战斗机在宫崎骏出生那年的12月7日轰炸了珍珠港。

这部电影其实是一部双重意义上的传记片:对于堀越二郎来说,该片描述了他从少年到步入大学再到进入三菱公司工作的人生历程,以及他在二战之后的简短结局;而对于原著作者堀辰雄来说,他于1937年问世的小说《起风了》讲述的是一个罹患结核病、生活在疗养院的女孩的故事;堀辰雄本人因肺结核死于1953年,年仅48岁。他的人生经历和作品情节在主人公里见菜穗子身上得以体现,这位年轻女子成了堀越二郎的妻子。

宫崎骏说让他深受启发的是堀越二郎的一句话:“我唯一想做的就是制造出美丽的东西。”《起风了》从令人惊艳的第一幕开始就向观众展示了它的美丽:年少的堀越二郎爬上自家的房顶,发现一架飞机停在那儿。他立刻被那色彩斑斓的鸟形设计所吸引——白色的翅膀、蓝色的羽毛、红色的尾巴、粉色的轮子、黄色的鼻子——二郎迅速跳上这只金属大鸟,开始了一场愉快的短途飞行,直到被一架装载了几十架军用飞机的巨大运载飞船所追踪;年少的二郎从天上掉了下来,然后从床上惊醒。整部电影充满了飞翔与坠落的片段,空中飞行的梦想坠毁在妥协和悲剧中。

在《起风了》这部电影里,裸的历史往往和天马行空的奇思妙想携手并进。堀越二郎自幼便对飞机有着浓厚的兴趣,幻想着可以见到1911年为意大利制造出第一架飞机的乔瓦尼·卡普罗尼。卡普罗尼成了二郎的精神导师,他告诉二郎:“梦想有多大,世界就有多大。” 卡普罗尼期待商业航空时代的来临:“我们要运载的不是炸弹,而是乘客。”(但他的第一次尝试实质上就是用九对机翼将一艘游轮吊起,结果以坠毁而告终。)

卡普罗尼在说“只要灵感打开未来之锁,技术将会迎头赶上”这句话时,他所期望的也许就是将近一个世纪之后詹姆斯·卡梅隆、李安和阿方索·卡隆等导演所表现出的无拘无束的梦想。

在数字动画(和真人电影)的时代,宫崎骏仍旧忠实于手绘技术(即迪士尼画风)——该技术比皮克斯动画工厂的计算机成像技术(CGI)要早。实际上,宫崎骏创造的人物都被抽象成这样:眼睛很大,娃娃脸,双腿僵硬得仿佛在笨拙地踩高跷。甚至是成年后的二郎看起来也还是像个动画中的孩子,当他跌倒在地上,他的手和脚都没有在草地上留下明显的印记。

宫崎骏导演的手绘之美大多呈现在了风景中,用最柔和的色彩来渲染乡村景色,就像二郎向菜穗子求爱时菜穗子画的水彩画一样。宫崎骏把一片即将面临战争的荒原的景色拍得十分精彩动人。二郎设计的飞机被成群的牛拉到训练场上,这也是对日本处在新旧两个世界之间的一个完美隐喻!

那种伤感的画风一直蔓延到堀越二郎的德国之行(二郎去那里考察德国军用飞机比自己的设计精巧之处)和二郎研发“零式”战斗机的原型之时。当我们以为宫崎骏接下来会展示堀越二郎的创造所带来的重大影响时,宫崎骏却将镜头从三菱公司移开,聚焦于堀越二郎和菜穗子的爱情故事。在菜穗子生病期间,堀越二郎留在家中安慰她,他告诉菜穗子:“如果举办一场单手计算尺测量比赛,我会是第一个完成的”——因为工作时他总是紧握她的手。他们的爱是如此的坚定而恒久,就像菜穗子说的:“自从风把你带到我身边,我就爱上了你。”可在这部长达两小时的电影的最后半小时,电影本来是可以展现二郎设计的“零式”战斗机的威力的——这种美丽的机器帮助残暴的日本梦想征服世界。

不管其政治含义如何,是否是一部美化战争发动者、为战争发动者唱挽歌的影片,《起风了》展示了宫崎骏正处于自信的巅峰。电影丝毫没有显现出宫崎骏功力减弱的迹象,更谈不上他宝刀已老。影片依旧朝气蓬勃、温婉细腻、无畏无惧、精彩动人。希望宫崎骏宣布退休只是一时头脑发热、心血来潮。希望在未来的岁月里,他依然能够给电影爱好者带来快乐,带来挑战。

1. feature [?fi?t??(r)] n. 动画长片,故事片

2. premiere [?premie?(r)] n. 首次公演

3. spellbinder [?spel?ba?nd?(r)] n. 能使听众入迷的演说家

4. anonymity [??n??n?m?ti] n. 匿名;无名

5. gold watch: (工作多年的员工退休后常常被给予的)感激,谢意

6. piquant [?pi?k?nt] adj. 刺激有趣的;引人入胜的

7. swan song: (诗人、音乐家等的)最后作品(或言行等)

8. firestorm [?fa??st??m] n. (原子弹爆炸等引起的)风暴性大火,此处指关东大地震后所引发的大火。

9. the Depression: 大萧条,指1929~1939年发生的全球性的经济大衰退。

10. protagonist [pr??t?ɡ?n?st] n. (小说、故事等中的)主人公

11. biopic [?ba???p?k] n. 传记片

12. coda [?k??d?] n. (文学作品或戏剧等的)尾声,结局

13. tubercular [tju??b??kj?l?(r)] adj. 【医】(有)结核病的

14. sanitarium [?s?n??te?ri?m] n. 疗养院,休养所

15. TB: (= tuberculosis)结核(病);肺结核

16. avian [?e?vi?n] adj. 像鸟的

17. scoot [sku?t] vi. 急走,飞奔

18. jaunt [d???nt] n. 远足;(短途)旅行

19. dirigible [?d?r?d??bl] n. 飞船

20. crash-dive: (飞机)俯冲坠毁

21. stark [stɑ?k] adj. 无修饰的;无掩饰的

22. buoyant [?b???nt] adj. 轻松愉快的;怀有希望的

23. untrammeled [?n?tr?mld] adj. 自由自在的

24. predate [pri?'de?t] vt. 在日期上早于(或先于)

25. stilt [st?lt] n. [常作~s]高跷

26. anime [??n?me?; ??n?m?] n. 动画片

27. vista [?v?st?] n. 远景

28. pastel [?p?stl] n. 柔和的淡色彩

29. straddle [?str?dl] vt. 跨越;跨立于

30. elegiac [?el??d?a??k] adj. 挽歌(体)的;哀伤的

31. gauge [ɡe?d?] vt. 精确地测量

32. tyrannical [t??r?n?kl] adj. 专横的,残暴的

33. glamorize [?ɡl?m?ra?z] vt. 使有魅力;美化

34. elegize ['el?d?a?z] vt. 以挽歌哀悼(或颂扬)

35. sap [s?p] vt. 使伤元气;消耗(精力等)

36. senility [s??n?l?ti] n. 衰老

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