时间：2022-10-13 06:54:25
一、高考测试分析
名词在高考测试中占有重要地位，从历年高考试题可以看出，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到名词的考查，如抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词的所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况。此外，还涉及到冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词一起合用有三种情况:即定冠词与单数可数名词可以表示类指;不定冠词与单数可数名词也可以表示类指;零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。
二、高考考查内容探析
(一)抽象名词的具体化与冠词考查
1.抽象名词表示具体或特定时，前面应用“不定冠词”。
(1)表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用“a/an+抽象名词”;“a/an+adj.+抽象名词”的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如:
China has got a good _______ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. [2009年高考安徽卷]
A. reputationB. influence
C. impressionD. knowledge
【简析】A 考查抽象名词具体化。“get a good reputation”表示赢得好名声。influence“影响力，权力，势力”;impression“印象;感想”;knowledge “知识;认识;知道，了解;消息”。
(2)状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。如:
For many Beijingers， dreams of living in_____green area are becoming____reality.
A. a;a B. the;the C.不填;不填 D.不填;a
【简析】A 考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握。抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”“一类”“一次”等时，可用不定冠词，例如:Physics is a science.
(3)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。如:
Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has becomepopular name. [2009年高考重庆卷]
A. a;theB. /;a C. /;the D. the;a
【简析】B考查冠词与抽象名词。worldwide attention“世界的关注”为抽象名词，看做不可数。第二空表示海尔成为一种很受欢迎的品牌。
2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如:
Some people fear that _______air pollution may bring about changes in_______weather around the world. [2009年高考江西卷]
A. /; theB. the; / C. an; theD. the; a
【简析】A 考查冠词用法。air pollution 是抽象名词，这里是泛指，weather是特指全球的气候，根据the weather around the world可知。
In order to find_______better job， he decided to study______second foreign language. [2009年高考四川卷]
A. the;a B. a;aC. the;theD. a;the
【简析】B该题的意思是:为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a +序数词+名词”表示 “又一，再一”。
(二)冠词有无意义不同
有无冠词含义有别，这种现象常常是一些固定搭配，学习时可通过对比记忆。如:out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的;take place发生，take the place (of) 代替;two of them 他们中的两个，the two of them 他们两个;by day 在白天，by the day 按天计算;on earth 究竟，on the earth 在地球上等。
(三)名词的数和所有格
名词的数主要包括名词的可数与不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。如:
The ______ shoes were covered with mud， so I asked them to take them off before they got into _______ car. [2009年高考江西卷]
A. girl’s; Tom’sB. girls’; Toms’
C. girls’; Tom’sD. girl’s; Toms’
【简析】C 名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。
(四)名词作定语
The ______is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shopB. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shopD. bicycle’ shop
【简析】B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。
(五)集合名词与谓语
1.某些集体名词，如:family，team，class，club，audience，committee，crowd，government，party，public，enemy，group，population，couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数;如果作为成员讲，谓语动词用复数。某些集体名词，如:people，police，cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如:The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。但people作民族讲时，用作单数。
(六)名词近义词在语境中的辨析
The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without anywhen the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April， 2009.[2009年高考福建卷]
A. delayB. effortC. schedule D. consideration
【简析】A 名词词义辨析。delay:耽搁,延误;effort:努力;schedule:时间表;consideration:考虑,体谅;关心。题干意思是:当甲型H1N1流感2009年4月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。
【小试牛刀】
1.Young as he is, David has gained_____rich experience in ______ society.
A. 不填;不填B. the;the
C. a;不填 D.不填;the
2.People regard the wheel as ______invention of the first importance in_____ human history.
A. an;the B. an;不填
C. the;the D. the;不填
3.Mr Stock,who is in Mexico on,runs small business.
A. business;aB. business;不填
C. the business;a D. business;不填
4.______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is_______ major concern of the country.
A. The;不填B. The;a
C. An;the D. An;不填
5. ――He says that my new car is a _____of money.
――Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes?
A. lackB. loadC. question D. waste
6.Many people are still in _____ habit of writing silly things in____ public places.
A. the;theB. 不填;不填
C. the;不填 D. 不填;the
7._______ it is to go swimming on such a hot day!
A. What fun B. How fun
C. What a fun D. How a fun
8.The dress is nice but she doesn’t like the ______on the material.
A. shape B. sizeC. modelD. pattern
9._______of the solar eclipse(日全食) has aroused great interest across Asia and the____“eclipse” has quickly been the hottest click on the Internet.
A. A word;wordsB. The word;word
C. Word;word D. Words;word
10.Though I spoke to him many times,he never took any _____of what I said.
A. remark B. observation
C. attentionD. notice
11. Last night the president made a speech on TV to the ______.
A. countryB. state C. 1and D. nation
12. The old house belongs to _______.
A. Jack’s and his brother
B. Jack’s and his brother’s
C. Jack and his brother’s
D. Jack and his brother
13. The young student is______as a writer.It’s ______ to all his teachers.
A. success;surpriseB. a success;surprise
C. success;a surprise D. a success;a surprise
14. My mother’s______is getting grey,but my father has only a few grey ________.
A. hairs;hairB. hair;hairs
C. hair;hair D. hairs;hairs
15. We’ll have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my _______ .
A. sports clothesB. sport clothes
C. clothes of sports D. sport’s clothes
Keys:1-5 ABABD6-10 CADCD11-14 DCDBA