The Eco-socialism in the Perspective of Ecological Marxism

Abstract. In the face of the current severe ecological crisis,Ecological Marxist thought in order to fundamentally solve the problem of ecological crisis,we must be start with the"global perspective"and the"local perspective",to overthrow the origin of ecological crisis -- the capitalist system and global capital rights relationship,only in adhere to the socialist system of Marxist theory can realize in the true sense of ecological civilization.For China,the construction of the ecological civilization of socialism with Chinese characteristics has unique soil and social environment.

Key words: Ecological Marxism; The Socialist Ecological Civilization; The Capitalism Ecological Civilization; Anthropocentrism.

INTRODUCTION

Realize the object of building up the well-off society in all-round way in the report of the Seventeenth Party Congress firstly put forward:“Build ecological civilization, basically forming energy conservation and protect ecological environment of the industrial structure,growth method and consume mode......The concept of ecological civilization is firmly established in the whole of society.""Ecological civilization as a new vocabulary in the party's report,has aroused wide concern,which marking build ecological civilization under the socialist system set sail,start a new journey.How to understand the ecological civilization and build socialistic ecological civilization?The author thinks,only from the perspective of Ecological Marxism to dialysis the connotation and essence of the capitalistic ecological civilization and the connotation and essence of the socialistic ecological civilization,to better serve the practice of build China's ecological civilization.

I

Ecological Marxism started in twentieth Century sixty or seventy in China,combined Ecology with Marxist.Generally speaking, most scholars believe that the core content of Ecological Marxism theory is the system of criticism, the technology criticism and consumption criticism for the two wings,and finally build eco-socialism political ideal.They think Ecological Marxism Criticism Concerning capitalism production mode,and reveals the internal relations of capitalism production mode and ecological crisis,the root of ecological problems have deep into the deep level of the system are very profound.Wang Yuchen believes that Ecological Marxism theory for the value and significance of the ecological civilization theory research in china should be based on historical materialism theory,the realization of environmental justice as the value principle of ecological civilization theory,safeguard China's environmental right and development right,promote China's economic and social sustainable development.

Ecological Marxism theorist put forward"capitalism system is anti-ecological in essence” proposition,in fact,it asserted that the impossibility of build ecological civilization Under the system of capitalism and its ways of production.Ecological Marxism believes that build ecological civilization under the capitalist system is not possible can be sum up to three reasons.First of all,the inherent contradiction between the basic power of capitalist production and ecology will inevitably lead to the rupture of the capitalist production conditions,the appearance of the ecological crisis is inevitable.In their view,the purpose of capitalism production is served capital pursues profit, which determines that capitalist system is impossible to get rid of the ideology of worship the capital.The short-sighted behavior of put economic growth and profit in first place,the consequences are serious,because this will make the survival of the whole world have become a problem,it will be inevitably lead to deterioration of the relationship between man and nature.Secondly,the similar run mode between the capitalist mode of production and capital with ecological civilization is to draw further apart.The essence of capital pursues profit,on the one hand, it decides the capitalist production system have an expanding trend,on the other hand, “According toMarxism, the existence and development of any economy society form need nature as the natural basis.” [1]It must aggravate the competition between the enterprises,the capitalist production have been concentrated and continued to the trend of mass production,there is the conflict between the limitation of ecological environment and the periodicity of recovery itself. the capital in order to avoid risks, tend to short-term investment in order to achieve the fastest return,”In industrial countries today,human consumption and use often cause more pollution than actual manufacturing does.”[2]At the same time,it is contradiction conflict with the environmental protection needs long time planning ,therefore, under the system of capitalism could not construct ecological civilization.Third,the contradiction between production and consumption in capitalist system,in order to more and faster access to benefit,promote the development of production, they always want to be in the whole society advocating consumerism way of life,let people take the experience of happiness and freedom into the consumption activity,satisfy people the possession and consumption of goods as the only way will be lead to material desires of the whole social life way of life and high production and high consumption of living style,so as to increase the cost of natural resources.People improving the means of control nature to meet the pleasure of material needs,but ignored the natural tolerance and periodicity, eventually will inevitably lead to contradictory intensification between human and nature,it is reflected in the ecological crisis.

Now that the construction of ecological civilization is impossible in capitalist system,why should the ecological environment of capitalist countries do is better than the ecological environment of socialist countries?For this,Ecological Marxism theorist points out this is because the enterprise is difficult to maintain its production in the condition of the grave environment situation, the essence of capital pursues profit makes it have to pay attention to the ecological governance , while increase investment in ecological management is not comply with the principles of ecology and protect the ecological environment as the goal,its essence is to serve capital pursues profit,this means that it just shift the ecological crisis onto consumers or developing countries,it is impossible to control fundamentally ecological crisis.

Based on this,Ecological Marxism claims that it is impossible to the real construction of ecological civilization in the capitalist system and mode of production,ecological civilization construction in capitalist society is just to cover up the essence of capital pursues profit.Only transform capitalism system can have a real sense of ecological civilization in socialist society.

II

Historical materialism is the theoretical basis of socialistic ecological civilization, how to realize"environmental justice"is the core of socialist ecological civilization,"people-oriented" and establish the animal diversity ethics is the value of socialist ecological civilization,it is a basic view of Ecological Marxism,at the same time,an outlook relatively complete on ecological civilization have been proposed.

Ecological Marxism advocates historical materialism to solve the contemporary ecological crisis has important theoretical significance and practical value.In their view,the biggest advantage of historical materialism is adhere to the dialectical unification of history and view of nature.Historical materialism, adhere to analysis historically the origin causes of ecological crisis and its solutions,emphasize people will be create a healthy ecological society when the material life of people get guarantee.Due to historical materialism always adhere to the historical analysis and class analysis, Ecological Marxism applying it on analyzes the root causes of ecological crisis,points out that capitalist system and its global power relations is the fundamental cause of ecological crisis,since the enlightenment,modernity value system combined with capital further strengthen the ecological crisis.

In their view,there are two fundamental differences in capitalist society and socialist society.Capitalist society the purpose of production is not produced for the use value of commodity and meet the basic needs of people,but the production of commodity exchange value and for profit,therefore,purpose of capitalist production is "unjust".The first difference is the production purpose. Socialist society production purpose is producting the use value of commodity to meet people's basic needs and achieve the "productive justice".The former will lead to the infinite pursuit of possession and consumption of goods,because in capitalist society, consumption has become a sign of success.The latter emphasizes labor process and labor products make the negative foreign object minimization, make positive foreign object maximization,for example,if a company is committed to the community construction, the work of self development possibility, the rejection of toxic waste, then the production of justice will have a favorable attitude toward it."

If the realization of "environmental justice" is the core of the socialist ecological civilization, then "people-oriented" and the establishment of animal diversity in ethics is the ecological values of socialist ecological civilization."People-oriented" has two meanings.First,Ecological Marxism against the value of ecological centralism,it definitely proposed anthropocentrism value.In their view, Marxism is based on the social relations to look at nature, in addition to the need of human, it don't think there is a so-called natural needs.Therefore,when the conflict of interest between human beings and nature,Marxism is always stressed the need of human is better than natural needs.But the Ecological Marxism advocated anthropocentrism has its special connotation,it advocates is a long-term anthropocentrism,rather than short-term individualism. The anthropocentrism pursuit a universal human welfare,committed to achieving sustainable development.Second,"people-oriented" of socialist ecological civilization refers to the socialist production purpose is not establish on the basis of meet the demand of capital pursues profit, but in order to meet the basic needs of people, especially to meet the basic needs of the poor as its purpose,it is follow the harmonious development of ecology and its ecological rationality.Therefore,socialist ecological civilization is not to exclude technical and economic growth,neither want people to return to the hinterland of life state and early humans of the original state,but want to change the commodity possession and crazy consumption in capitalist society as the only satisfy method,people advocate should use the achievements of industrialization and technology realize the freedom to choose suitable for their way of life to provide a more colorful life environment,furthermore,we seek satisfaction and experience the happiness in creative production activities to realize the harmonious development of man and nature.

Ecological Marxism stressed that the socialist ecological civilization not only adhere to the "people-oriented"anthropo centrism values,but also it requires break through the basis of the capital's the narrow anthropocentrism values,handle correctly the relationship between human being and biosphere,the key is to establish the diversity of animal ethics.Establish the purpose of the diversity of animal ethics is handle correctly the relationship between human being and biosphere, the core is beyond the narrow anthropocentrism values in the process of human technological innovation and technology utilization,on the basis of the enlightened human interests,understand the organic connection between human beings and biosphere,respect the nature of the natural,maintain the reverence for nature,realize the common development of human and non human nature.

III

“Ecological Marxism inherits western Marxism，especially critical spirit of Frankfurt School，complements and develops Marxism with ecological theory，unleashes ecological value，necessity value and consumption value of Marxism.” [2]Ecological Marxism is regarded as political ecology, revealed the essence of ecological crisis when criticize to the ecology of capitalist society,Ecological Marxism has important theoretical significance and practical value on the essence and connotation of socialist ecological civilization.

First of all,Ecological Marxism has provided a new theoretical paradigm for the establishment of ecological civilization theory,it will change our lifestyle and establish the ecological value provides a correct theoretical basis.At present,the research of ecological civilization theory paradigm of our country mainly referencing or identifying human centralism and ecological centralism in the western theory of ecological civilization,this is shown as “Postmodern paradigm" and "sustainable development research paradigm",the two kinds of research paradigm is the opposite on the surface,but its internal theory is consistent,both from the perspective of the abstract values to expound the root causes of ecological crisis and the solution.Ecological Marxism has revealed the root of ecological crisis is the capitalist system, emphasize solve the ecological crisis from the dimension of system.The two paradigms exists theoretical deficiency,emphasis on elucidate the connotation of ecological civilization from the perspective of value,it can't really guides our ecological civilization construction Ecological Marxism has inherited and developed the traditional classical theory of Marxism,digging the deep of its ecological thought,amend and open the ecological sphere of historical materialism, reconstruction of historical materialism from the perspective of ecology.

Secondly, how to understand the origin and essence of the current ecological problems in the process of our national modernization,this is promoting the premise of China's ecological civilization theory and ecological civilization construction practice.Ecological Marxism theory give us a lot of inspiration that we must analysis two perspectives of global and local.The so-called global perspective refers to when analysis the root causes of the current ecological problem,we must contact capitalist industrialization with its capital have control of the global power relations. The current capital globalization is dominated capital global power relations in essence,capital utilizing the unfair international political and economic relations as well as the international division of labor will further plunder the natural resources of developing countries,then through the international division of labor transferring polluted industries to developing countries and transfers the ecological problems.Therefore,when discusses ecological problems in developing countries,including China,we cannot separate from the root cause of capital and its global power relations.

Finally, Ecological Marxism enlightens us to correctly understand and handle the relationship between science and technology and ecological civilization,which indicates the direction for the construction of ecological civilization in china.Ecological Marxism against western green thoughts think technology is the source of ecological crisis,and then against the ideal of the large-scale use technology and economic development,it think that technology itself does not exist the value attribute,the west's environment problem is due to technology is used in capitalism. Marxist ecological thoughts,and also inherited some good ideas of western ecological problems of school,provides a feasible basis for the practice of ecological civilization in our country from the spirit level,system level,material level. “Ecological Marxism lies in criticism of modern capitalism，and suggests that only abolishing capitalism and choosing socialism can solve ecological crisis.” [3]China is a socialist country,in the process of building ecological civilization,we should change the industrial civilization of blind pursuit of economic interests and ignore the ecological environment of unsustainable production mode, establish the production mode ,which is pursuit the coordinated development of man and nature. It requires us to develop ecological industry system, develop green industries, and establish ecological compensation mechanism, lay a solid foundation for the construction of ecological civilization in our country at the system level.

Conclusion

From the Ecological Marxism theory, they have neither ecological civilization as return to the natural state as well as against the development mode of the western green thoughts zero economic growth,to oppose ecological civilization and economic development as the contradictory relationships,Instead,they emphasize the construction of ecological civilization depends on technical progress and economic development, the crux of the problem is the purpose of development and what development model they should take.Look from the purpose of economic development,ecological civilization against satisfy people's desire in economic development,but the development should be established on the basis of satisfy the basic needs of people,this is the development should be "people-oriented";From the economic development perspective,they against the development of non-renewable resources of large-scale consumption and destroy the natural environment,advocate the development should be establish based on renewable resource,take coordinate ecological harmony with the sustainable development. “Sustainable human development paths involve particular forms of co-evolution between economy and environment.” [4] Therefore,we cannot Opposition to the socialist ecological civilization construction and the economic development,Both of them are a relationship of mutual promotion.

REFERENCES:

[1] Liu Sihua（2007）：The core ideology of Ecological Marxism: Marx is the Pioneer of Internal Factors Theory of Ecological Environment[J]，Ecological Economy, No 12, Vol 15

[2] Suren Erkman(2002): Industrial Ecology: a New Perspective on the Future of the Industrial System[J], Swiss Medical Weekly , Vol 131

[3] HUI Baode(2012): Ecological Marxism and Reconstruction of China's Ecological Values[J], Zhengzhou Normal College，No 3, Vol 5

[4] Paul Burkett(2009): Marxism and Ecological Economics: Toward a Red and Green Political Economy[M], Haymarket Books

[5] Gao G(1989): Humanization of Nature and Naturalization of Human[M], The Central Party School Publishing House