Research on Learning Principles of Open Motor Skills and Their Application in Ba

Abstract. As we all know that basketball plays an important role in college life, how to improve college students’ basketball level has become a hot issue for today’s physical education. Motor skills and motor technique are two different concepts, they have their own priorities, but the two concepts are not completely opposite, they are different but linked. How to distinguish the differences between the concepts has played a vital role in the basketball teaching. On the basis of distinguish the two concepts, it is of great significance to be familiar with the learning principles open skills, and apply them to the actual basketball teaching for the basketball teaching.

Key words: Open Motor, Learning Principles, Basketball Teaching.

1. Introduction

In the practice of basketball teaching, motor skills put more emphases on the athletes’ personal qualities, give play to their motoricity, actively and effectively complete the related specific action, which depends more on the athletes’ innate quality, and it is a realization of people’s objectives and requirements. While the technique puts more emphases on giving play to the athletes’ motor system and sensory system on the basis of the skills, it is a reflection of the athletes’ comprehensive quality. In the basketball teaching, skills training are more important than the technical requirements. In the previous basketball teaching, more attention is paid to the development of the athletes’ technique, but today, the application of open motor skills in the basketball teaching has received great attention in the sporting world.

2. Problems in the previous basketball teaching

2.1 Action curing in basketball teaching

Basketball teaching is a time-consuming and laborious job, in the eyes of many people, in order to obtain a high score on the court; it is a very important means to practice a series of actions. For basketball, it is true that the action is very important; it is an action full of technique, it is not only a trump card for some basketball players, but also a beautiful basketball art. The skillful action needs a long training; it is needed that athletes need to have the good physical quality. It is based on such considerations that the problems of action curing appear in the basketball teaching. Influenced by the previous teaching idea, coaches developed in traditional teaching system often have the characteristic of their teachers. They also convey their skillful action in basketball teaching, in this case, it is obvious that athletes’ action becomes standardized, unified, this phenomenon is a prominent problem in major universities, which seriously restricts the development of basketball teaching .

2.2 Mechanization of thinking in basketball teaching

The purpose of basketball teaching materials is to complete teaching task, and teachers did not really consider improving the athletes’ basketball skill level as the ultimate goal of basketball teaching. In a particular basketball teaching, teachers made students fixedly practice a particular action; complete an action in a lesson. Teachers did not pay attention to or avoided to mention the graceful action displayed by students in concrete basketball learning, or they just conducted a simple treatment, simply said this action would be explained in the next lesson. Such teaching methods neglected students’ enthusiasm, initiative and creativity; teachers’ simple treatment would seriously hurt the students' interest in learning, which is not conducive to improving student basketball skills.

3. Definition of learning principles of open motor skills

Compared with traditional motor skills, open motor skills are more flexible, variable and humane. Open motor skills mainly involve four main factors: they are environmental explicit characteristics, ontology decision-making, ontology perception and ontology response. These four factors are not isolated, they are a cyclical process, and they are a complementary and organic unity. First of all, ontology perception requires the athletes should give flexible responses to the surrounding environment , including the team members, and the other players’ reaction, coordination of the players on the court, which requires not only the participation of athletes’ motor system, and more importantly, it requires the involvement of athletes’ sensory system. Secondly, Environmental explicit characteristics need to focus on the change of action and equipment, and use the brain and hands all the time. Thirdly, ontology decision-making conducted comprehensive consideration based on information obtained on the court, and then timely and effectively makes the decision, such a decision is made instantaneously, it does not need to consider a long time, because basketball is a relatively competitive sport, opportunity seldom knocks twice in the basketball court. This requires athletes should have a flexible mind. Finally, in view of the players’ behaviors, ontology response is to take the next action after consideration.

We can give you an example to illustrate it, taking basketball pitching as an example. The first link is ontology perception, the athletes would perceive the before the surrounding environment before they pitch to understand the meaning conveyed from the team numbers and opponents, and so on. After that, they would analyze explicit environment characteristics, to understand the team numbers, and the opponents' actions, and the change of equipment and so on. The third link is ontology decision-making, on the basis of the comprehensive consideration of the surrounding environment, it makes the next decision, such a decision is made instantaneously, how to pass, to whom, decide whether to pass or directly pitch etc. The last link is ontology response, ontology response is the explicit decision-making, namely how to take the action of passing, and these four links are a holistic action.

Four links of open motor skills is integrated, it cost less time in this course, and it is completed instantaneously. They complement each other, and are indispensable. The traditional closed motor skill model has a serious impact on basketball learning for students; to some degree, it undermines the integrity of the basketball skill learning. In the practice of traditional closed motor skills, Regulation of autonomy relies more on the students own internal proprioceptors, but we know that on the basketball court, external environment changes instantaneously, it will inevitably cause errors in decision-making when players do not consider them, the abstract, inflexible concept and pattern is difficult to meet and adapt to the changing circumstances.

4. Application of open motor skills in basketball

4.1 Looking at the basketball skills from the overall perspective

Basketball is a sport which is fierce and full of excitement, situation is changing on the basketball court, variability of game situations determines our basketball teaching cannot blindly cure, in the basketball teaching, it is needed for the coach to teach students how to conduct various skill practices, and pay more attention to the integration of flexible factors as well. Although the usual practice is not a real game, it needs to be treated as a real game. From the overall perspective, for the basketball teaching, the coach should encourage players to flexibly cope with various situations happening on the court in the usual practice; only in this way can they really win the game. The results brought by the variability of game situations in the process of basketball game are the flexibility and randomness of the use of skills. So what we need to do is to learn the motor skills from the perspective of open- motor skills, to build an integrated and open learning concept.

4.2 Cultivating awareness, improving the ability

In the process of basketball skill learning, for athletes, awareness is mainly situational awareness and motor skills’ awareness. Situational awareness highlights the ability of ontology decision-making. For a long time, we put more efforts on motor skills, but the actual situation is the basketball court varies from time to time, for such cases, what we have to do is to focus on the development of athletes’ scenario decision-making ability, allowing athletes to flexibly face the situations on the court, then make the most sensible decision. In addition, the development of motor technique, in the previous training, teachers pay more attention to the technical training, we know that technique plays a crucial impact on the game.

4.3 Stimulating the students' inspiration and ability to improvise

In the previous training, it is more likely for the teachers to impart technique to the students; they do not pay more attention to the strategic requirements. The court is changing; the surrounding environment is often surprising. Based on such actual situation, it is needed for us to timely train students’ ability to improvise, give them the solutions to the problems, rather than to deal with all in accordance with the arrangements in advance. The application of learning principles of open motor skills in the basketball teaching is to consider the surrounding environment more flexibly, flexibly solve the problems; in this way, the ultimate goal of a more humane basketball teaching can be achieved.

5. Summary

Open motor technique has a great effect on physical education, its value lies in developing students to improve motor skills in the variable environment, so on the one hand, it enriches the theory of technique learning; on the other hand, it changes the way of learning. The discussion on the theory of skill learning is very heated, but if the discussion is not based on reasonable judgment, the results may be not ideal.

References

[1] Weide Shao,The investigation of the relationship between school physical education movement technology, skill and habit of lifelong sports concept, Journal of Beijing Sport University, vol.27, pp. 83-87, 2004.

[2] Guoshi Xin, Experimental study on open motor skill learning, Sports Science, vol.6, pp. 51-55, 1986.

[3] Shengwang Li, Comparison of cognitive style and personality characteristics between closed andopen motor skill, Journal of Shaoyang University, vol.2, pp. 135-136, 2005.

[4] Jiao Chai and Jinpeng He, Application of open motor skill learning principle and in Basketball Teaching, Sports Science Periodicals, vol. 17, pp. 65-68, 2010.

[5] Junyan Liang and Kai Zhang, Application of open motor skill learning theory development of Volleyball Teaching in College, Sports Forum, vol.12, pp. 22-25, 2012.

[6] Xiaowang Yin and Rongbin Dou, Motor skills intervention effects on college students physical self esteem and self handicapping, Journal of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, vol. 6, pp. 52-55, 2012.

[7] Zhuhang Huang and Gaofeng Li, The use of internal focus of attention to promote the study of master open motor skill learning beginners, Journal of Guangzhou Sports University, vol.3, pp. 42-46, 2012.

[8] Jiao Chai, Research on teaching design of open motor skill, Physical education teaching, vol.5, pp. 75-78, 2011.

[9] Yong Jiang,Open motor skill learning and application technology in the teaching of basketballred, Chinese school sports, vol. 3, pp. 12-15, 2011.