论That引导的从句

摘要:that是个常见词,可以引导不同种类的从句,用法比较复杂,学生在学习中容易混淆他们的用法。将详细总结that引导的从句,分析比较它们的用法,以帮助学生更好地掌握that从句,并让学生在学习其他语法现象时有所借鉴。

关键词:that从句;用法;比较

中图分类号:G642.3文献标志码:A文章编号:1673-291X(2009)30-0223-02

1. that引导主语从句(Subject Clauses)

(1)That引导主语从句,在句中充当主语的成分。

①That prices will go up is certain.物价要上涨是肯定的。

②That she was able to come made us very happy.她能来使我们很高兴。

(2)当that引导的主语从句太长时,常用it作形式主语而把that从句放在后面,口语中that有时可以省略。用it作形式主语的that从句主要有下面几类:

a. It + be +形容词+ that从句

It is natural that they should have different views.

他们有不同的观点是很自然的。

b. It + be +名词+ that从句

It’s a pity (that) he can't swim.真遗憾他不会游泳。

c. It +动词(+宾语或状语)+ that从句

It so happens that I know the artist. 我碰巧认识那位艺术家。

d. It +动词的被动语态+ that从句

It is said that the book has been translated into several foreign languages. 据说,那本书已被译成了几种外语。

2. that引导宾语从句(Object Clauses)

有大量的动词可以跟that引导的从句作宾语,如agree,believe,claim,decide,expect,find,guess,hear,insist,know,learn,realize,say,see,suggest,think,tell,wish等,口语中that常可省略,但在下面情况中不能省略:第一,在suggest, order等表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中,不能省。第二,由and或but所连接的两个宾语从句时,第一个从句中的that可以省,第二个从句中的that不能省。第三,that引导的宾语从句,如果从句中还有其他状语从句,引导宾语从句的that不能省略

①I know she was against us. 我知道她反对我们。②I suggest that we should leave early for the airport. 我建议我们早点动身去机场。③She said(that )she would come and that she would bring her daughter. 她说她要来,并把女儿带来。 ④Tell him that if he is at home, I'll call to see him. 告诉他如果他在家,我就去拜访他。

3. that 引导表语从句(Predicative Clauses)

that引导的表语从句,放在联系动词后,在句中充当表语的成分,that有时可省略,例如:

①The fact is(that)she never liked him. 事实是她从来未喜欢过他。

②The reason why so many people were killed in the big fire is that the building was built without any fire escapes . 这么多的人在大火中丧生,其原因是那座楼房里没有太平门。

4. that引导同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)

有很多名词后可以跟that引导的从句,说明其内容,可称为同位语从句。这种名词有fact,idea,belief,conclusion,evidence,information,message, news,opinion,order,proof,proposal,report, rumour, rule,suggestion,truth,view等,例如:

①We are surprised at the fact that the children did it on their own .

听说孩子们独立做那件事,我们感到吃惊。

②He heard the news that his team had won. 他听到消息说他的球队获胜了。

1.that引导定语从句时,通常仅引导限制性定语从句,前面不用逗号。在从句中作主语时可指人或物,相当于who或which;在从句中作宾语时常可省略,相当于whom或which; 在从句中作表语,表示性质,可以省略。例如:

①The letter that / which came this morning is from my teacher of English.

今天上午递到的信是我英语老师寄来的。

②Is he the man that / who sells stationary?

他就是卖文具的那个人吗?

③That’s the man (that / whom) I was talking about.

那正是我所谈到的人。

④He’s not the man(that)he was.

他现在不是像过去那样的人了。

2.用that不用which的七种情况:

①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,用that不用which引导。如:

This is the best article that has ever been written on the subject. 迄今为止在有关这个题目的文章中,这一篇是最好的。

②先行词为little,much,all,none,few,(the)one,something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代词时,用that引导。如:

This reference book contains much(little)that is useful.这本参考书中有很多(没有多少)有用的东西。

③先行词前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little,much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等词修饰时,用that引导。如:

He is the only one among us that knows Spanish. 他是我们中间唯一懂西班牙语的人。

④先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时,用that引导。如:

Do you still remember the things and persons that we talked about at the meeting last month? 你还记得上月我们在会上谈到的人和事吗?

⑤先行词为which时,为了避免重复,用that引导。如:

Which is the book that you bought yesterday?哪一本书是你昨天买的?

⑥先行词在从句中作表语时,常用that引导。如:

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930’s.

上海现在不再像它过去在20世纪30年代那样的城市了。

⑦当主句是There be……句型时,用that引导。

There are two tickets for the film that are for you two.

这里有两张电影票是给你们两个人的。

3.定语从句与同位语从句的区别:

从上面的例子可以看出,在同位语从句和定语从句中,that都可放在名词后面。怎样区分一个名词后的从句是定语从句还同位语是从句?我们先来看两个句子:

a. I had no idea that you were here.

b. The idea (that) she gave us is very good.

在句子a中,从句that you were here补充说明名词idea的内容,that 无实义,也不作句子成分;而在句子b中,从句that he gave us修饰限制先行词idea, that在从句中作gave的直接宾语,代替先行词idea。句a中的that不能省去,而句 b中的that可省掉,也可换为which。

1.that引导目的状语从句(Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)

目的状语从句主要由that, so that, in order that, for fear that等引导:

Speak louder (so) that everybody may hear what you say.

讲得响一些,以便每个人都能听清楚你的话。

2.that引导结果状语从句(Adverbial Clauses of Result)

结果状语从句主要由so(such)...that,(so)that等引导:

It was such a cold night that we stayed at home.

那是一个非常寒冷的夜晚,我们都待在家里。

3.that引导条件状语从句(Adverbial Clauses of Condition)

条件状语从句主要由provided that,on condition that, supposing that等引导:

You may borrow the book, on condition that you don't lend it to anyone else.

你可以借这本书,条件是别把它借给别人。

4. that引导原因状语从句(Adverbial Clauses of Reason)

原因状语从句主要由now that等引导以及一些“be + 形容词”结构后的从句:

Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.

他们既已着手自己来处理问题,事态的进展也就加快了。

They are very disappointed that she can’t stay longer.

他们很失望她不能再待久些。

强调句型的结构为:It is/was + 强调部分 +that从句。如果被强调的是人,可用who代替that。如果被强调的是时间状语、地点状语或原因状语,则一般都用that。例如:

①It was on Monday night that all this happened.

这一切都是在星期一夜里发生的。

②It is in the classroom that we usually have our classes.

我们通常是在教室里上课。

③Why is it that you object to the idea?

你为什么反对这个意见?

④It was Peter who / that lent us the money.

是彼得借钱给我们的。