巧分易混易淆,化解定语从句难题

时间:2022-02-20 07:49:10

定语从句是考生高中阶段非常重要的语法项目,它分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。目前,非限制性定语从句已成为高考英语的热门考点,因此,考生要弄懂它与限制性定语从句的区别。

四大区别要弄懂

1.在句中的作用不同。

限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有制约的作用,它能使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。

非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。

2.外在表现形式不同。

限制性定语从句因与先行词的关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

3.先行词的内容不同。

大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词为某一个词或短语,而在特殊情况下,非限制性定语从句的先行词可为整个主句,此时,非限制性定语从句常由which引导。

4.翻译的方式不同。

限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非限制性定语从句仅仅是对先行词做补充性叙述或说明,两者的关系没有那么密切。一般来说,限制性定语从句大多译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,而非限制性定语从句往往译成后置的并列从句。

(1)限制性定语从句译成前置定语

These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.这些居民区不断重塑着绝大多数人的文化和价值观念。

(2)非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句

In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.几乎所有发展中国家的经济发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长,而出口贸易的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。

特别提醒:有时候因为句意的关系,或者出于对汉语句子结构上的考虑,这时需要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。

(3)限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句

Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.每个队在每个赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季从九月份开始,到十一月份结束。

(4)非限制性定语从句译成前置定语

He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust.他好像是散步之后回家了,因为他那双早已过时的扣带鞋上布满了灰尘。

(5)有的定语从句从意义上看相当于一个状语从句,表示原因、目的、结果等,这样的定语从句应译成汉语的偏正复句,但在翻译的过程中要注意加上相应的连接词,以表明其与主句的关系。

Norway is,quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.挪威十分关注欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因为这些发展有助于维护世界上这一地区的和平和安全。

不可不知的非限制性定语从句

1.关系代词that表物或人时,不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。

By 16:30, ______ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.

A.which B.when C.what D.that

【解析】句意:16:30,这将近是店铺的关门时间,几乎所有的画都被卖完了。先行词为16:30,表时间,但它在非限制性定语从句中作主语,所以不用when和that,what不可用于定语从句中,所以选择which。

2.关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中既可以指代前面表物的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。

She heard the terrible noise, brought her heart into her mouth.

A.that B.which C.what D.when

【解析】句意:她听到了那个可怕的声音,心都要提到嗓子眼了。此句中的先行词noise为物,在非限制性定语从句中用which来指代,作主语。故选B。

3.Who,whom,whose,when,where等引导非限制性定语从句时的用法与它们在限制性定语从句中的用法相同。

The books on the desk, ______ covers are shiny, are prizes for us.

A.which B.what C.whose D.that

【解析】句意:桌上的那些封面亮丽的书,是给我们的奖品。先行词为 the books,与covers为所属关系,所以用whose。

We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______ the weather may be better.

A. that B. when C. which D.where

【解析】句意:我们将把去公园里野炊的计划推迟到下周,那时天气也许会更好。先行词为next week,表时间,所以用when。

4.关系代词作宾语,在限制性定语从句中可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中则不能省略。

The young man (whom) we came across in the street yesterday happens to be our new teacher.昨天在街上偶遇的那个年轻人碰巧是我们的新老师。

5.在非限制性定语从句中,as 和which指代整句时两者是有区别的。

在非限制性定语从句中,as 和which都可指代整句。as位置灵活,which只可置于主句之后。as意为“正如……,正像……”,which意为“这一点,这件事”。常用的as结构为:as anybody can see,as is known to all,as has been said before,as is mentioned above,as often happens,as is often the case等。

Carol said the work would be done by October, ______ personally I doubt very much.

A. it B. that C. when D. which

【解析】句意:Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作,我个人表示非常怀疑。which用来指代前面的整个句子,所以选择which。

6.带介词的定语从句可用于非限制性定语从句中,用法相当于限制性定语从句。

He was then admitted to a key university, ______ he graduated with a lot of honors.

A. of which B. on which

C. about which D. from which

【解析】句意:后来他被一所重点大学录取,且带着很多的荣誉从那里毕业。定语从句中的动词短语graduated from中的介词from提前,且先行词为 a key university,所以选择 from which。

Mr.Smith is a teacher with rich teaching experience, from ______ much can be learned.

A.whom B.which C.where D.that

【解析】句意:史密斯先生是一位有着丰富教学经验的老师,从他那里可以学到很多知识。定语从句中的动词短语learned from中的介词from提前,且先行词为a teacher,所以选择whom。

I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ______ help I would never have got this far.

A.who B.whose C.whom D.which

【解析】句意:我想要感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助,我不会有这个成就。根据句意和结构可知,help与先行词Professor Smith为所属关系,且介词without提前,所以用whose。

7.在非限制性定语从句中,可以使用“先行词+名词/数词/代词+of+which/whom” 结构表示所属关系。先行词为物,关系代词用which;先行词为人,关系代词则用whom。此结构中的of+which/whom也可提到名词/数词/代词之前。

Many young people, most ______ were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

A. of which B. of them

C. of whom D. of those

【解析】句意:很多年轻人都去了偏远的地区追求自己的梦想,他们中的大部分人都受过良好的教育。most of whom为“先行词+代词+of+whom”结构,先行词为many young people,most of whom也可表达成of whom most,故选择of whom。

Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.

A. whom B. which C. what D. that

【解析】句意:就人类为什么会哭出眼泪这个问题,科学家们提出了许多理论,但没有一项理论得到过证明。none of which为“先行词+代词+of+which”结构,先行词为many theories,none of which也可表达成of which none,故选择which。

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