语法翻译法范文
时间：2023-11-19 08:33:05
语法翻译法篇1
论文摘要摘要:翻译是一门创造性的语言艺术工作。然而,在翻译实践过程中,人们经常无意识地使原语中的语法知识深深地束缚了译文的生动表达,结果就使译文不自然、不流畅,读起来感到别扭,甚至令人费解,这就是通常所说的翻译症。因此,就必须克服语法翻译现象,使译文真正做到忠实通顺。
翻译是一种创造性的语言艺术。它涉及原语和译语两种语言及其各方面的知识。它是用另一种语言对原语所表达的内容、思想、感情、风格、神韵等的再现或再表达。衡量译文是否正确,通常用“忠实”、“通顺”这两项标准。忠实就是原文的信息全部传达,语气和文体风格和原文相一致。通顺指断句恰当,句式正确,选词妥贴,段落之间,句子之间呼应自然,译语比较地道。
然而,多年来,语法翻译却束缚着翻译的实践。语法翻译是以语法知识为纲,以译文符合译入语的语法习惯为标准。这样,在翻译活动中使人无意中把以学习外语中的语法现象和培养翻译实践能力为目标的翻译混为一谈,严重束缚了人们在翻译实践中的创造性,使译文亦步亦趋地复制原文的语言形式,满纸是用“中国字写的外国语”。食洋不化的翻译几成痼疾,究其病源,就在语法翻译。
语法翻译对翻译造成的影响及危害程度可分为两大类摘要:重度的语法翻译和轻度的语法翻译。
一、重度的语法翻译
英汉两种语言的语法现象有很大的差异,往往在翻译过程中由于对语法方面的理解错误,而使译文背离原意,歪曲了原文的内容,严格地讲就是没有做到忠实于原文。
例1Thescientistutilizesthefactsheobservedtothefullestextent.
译文一科学家利用最大限度地观察到的事实。
译文二科学家把观察到的事实最大限度地加以利用。
译文一将“tothefullestextent”作为修饰observed的状语,而实际上是应作为修饰utilize的状语。同时“heobserved”是
“facts”的定语。因此,译文一是错误的,译文二则较为正确地阐明了句子之间的修饰关系。
例2TheyweredeeplyimpressedbytheargumentthattheChineseareadvancing.
译文一中国人民正在前进的论点给他们留下了深刻的印象。
译文二中国人民提出的论点给他们留下了深刻的印象。
这里两种译文区别就在于对advancing这个单词的理解。理解的不同,就造成两种译法大相径庭。该动词作及物动词意思是“提出”,作不及物动词意思是“前进”。而此句中应作及物动词来用。因此,译文一是错误的,译文二是正确的。此外某些单词的大小写、单复数等语法知识对翻译有时产生的影响也较大。
以上这些弊病只要努力去分析,留意去探究是能够克服的。而大多数情况下,译者并非由于语法能力低,而是过多地受到语法条条框框及原语表达方式的影响和束缚,译出的语句不符合译入语语言习惯的表达方式,对原文抠得太死,译文的用词、句子的结构、采取的修辞手段等采取字句对照。这样译出来的东西生硬、晦涩、费解,甚至不知所云。这就是经常说的“翻译腔”或“学生腔”。
二、轻度的语法翻译
主要指的是译文不自然、不流畅,但能看懂,读起来略感别扭,也比较费解。这样的译文一读便知是翻译文章。目前,这种现象大量存在,造成的危害较大。这主要是由以下几个方面的新问题引起的摘要:
1.语义对等意识
学生经常认为只要熟记双语生词表上的原词和释意,便可以往返互译了。实际上,在翻译实践过程中新问题并非如此简单。在翻译过程中要确定词义,同时还要考虑到语义的表达。在上下文及一定的语言环境中词典意义和表达意义很难一一对应,既要考虑文字表达的分寸、词性的褒贬、修辞的色彩,同时还要活用词典,根据词典所赋予的基本意思,融会贯通,自己创造出恰如其分的措词。
例1Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.
假如译为摘要:每个人的生活都有玫瑰和刺,这样读起来就让人不知所云了。rose和thorn确是玫瑰和刺的意思,但在此句话中根据上下文来看显然指的是生活中的甜和苦,或者幸福的生活和不顺的经历。因此,应译为摘要:人人都有乐和苦。
例2AgriculturestillistheState’sbiggestindustry.
单词industry确实是工业的意思,但假如译为农业仍然是美国最大的工业,这读起来前后相悖,难以让人接受。根据理解,不难看出农业仍然在国民经济占很大的比重,是一种行业。因此,该句话应译为摘要:农业仍然是美国最大的行业。
例3那地方是一块肥肉,谁都想吃。
这里“一块肥肉”,假如按照语义对等的方法译成apieceoffatmeat·“谁都想吃”译为everyonewantstoeat不妥。因为根据汉语的理解,这里的肥肉不是指肉很肥,而是指这个地方很有吸引力,很诱人。所以应译为摘要:Thatplaceisanattractivepieceofmeatcovetedbyall.英语中生词表上给出的汉语很少和原词完全等义,许多连原词的某个义项都不能包容。例如,“go”的常用英文释义是movefromonepointtoanother。而对运动物的类属、数量、运动的方向、方式等都未予限定。可译的词远不止是“去”。若事物做水平运动,则可译成去、往、走、行、驶、奔、跑、滚、到、飞、归……;若做向上运动,则可译成升、飞、攀、爬、登、漂……假如对运动的客观描述再加入主观因素,go的译法就更丰富了。例如摘要:gototown上街、gotothefield下地、gotoprison入狱、gointothesky升空、gotoBeijing进京、gohome回家、gotobed就寝、gototheaccident奔向事故现象。
2.语法对等意识
由于译者受到英语特有或惯用的语法的影响,见到凡有物主代词所属’s或of及形容词形式翻译时就加“的”,副词就加“地”,时态加“着、了、过”,被动语态加“被”及翻译时力求做到词性对等,句子成分一致等。
例1“Ipassedyouontheroad?”“Monseigneur,itistrue.Ihadthehonourofbeingpassedontheroad.”
原译摘要:“在路上我屡次经过你面前了吗?”“爵爷,是的。我曾经有过被经过的荣幸。”看译文后半句,读起来非常别扭,不知所云,原因就在于受到of短语的限制,还有beingpassed这个被动结构的制约,实际上这里是指下人能够在路上碰到爵士而感到很荣幸。因此可这样译摘要:
“我多次在路上从你面前经过了吗?”
“爵爷,是的。在路上能够看到您从我面前经过深感荣幸。”
例2Thereportnotedproposalsthateatinglessfatandmorefoodwithwholegrainsandotherfibrescanprotectan-gainstcancer.
原译摘要:这份报告非凡提到了“少食脂肪,多吃含全粮食物和其他纤维素的食物能预防癌症的那些建议。不难看出,原译完全按原文定语从句的结构去译,语序不变,显得定语太长,不符合汉语的表达习惯,使读者读起来非常困难。
可改译为摘要:这个报告非凡提到,有人建议少吃脂肪,多吃全粮食品和其它含纤维素的食物能预防癌症。
例3语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功夫不可。
原译摘要:Languageisnoteasytolearn,youmustpaygreateffort.应该说按照英语语法习惯,这种译法是设有新问题的,但假如按英国人的表达习惯,这种表达就不是地道的英语了。因为英语动词用的少,名词用的多。这里“学好”是动词,英国人常把它译为名词,应是mastery,这就需要对词序进行调整。同时“随便”这个副词就需要变成修饰名词mastery的形容词了。所以,地道的英语应是摘要:Themasteryoflanguageisnoteasyandrequirespainstakingef-fort.
3.形合和意合意识
英语重形合,即句子的形式要和原文的意思保持一致。而汉语重意合,即内在的含义要和原文的意思保持一致。但在实际的翻译实践中,由于死记英语关联词意义,或受某一句型结构的限制,译出来的句子比较生硬,形似而非神似。
例1Asthetrainstarted,thepassengersproducedachess-boardandbeganarrangingfigures.
原译摘要:当火车开动的时候,乘客们拿出棋盘开始摆棋子。这里as这个连词,由于受英文词典释议的影响,总是习惯地将as译为“当……时候”、“当……时”,于是“当当”之声不绝于耳。而实际上,这里几个动作火车开动、拿出棋盘、下棋一个紧接着一个发生,有assoonas之意,不应译成当……时候。因此,下面的译文比较恰当。火车一开,乘客们便拿出棋盘,动手摆棋子。类似的这样连词还有when、during、whileif、so……that等。
例2IhadthehonourofmeetingMr.DengXiaoping,whovisitedtheUnitedStatesin1979.
这里句子的后半部分定语从句whovisitedtheUnitedStatesin1979,从语法角度上看是定语。但在语义上看却有明显的状语功能,等于“whenhevisitedtheUnitedStatein1979”,所以应译为1979年邓小平先生访问美国时,我曾荣幸地会见了他。这种定语从句的翻译方法,译者总是围绕定语从句和先行词的关系做文章,总是跳不出这个传统概念的圈子。实际上这种结构无论是信息的传递,还是语义的内容都不能完全概括它的定语功能。还有一些句子结构,由于英汉两种语言有各自不同的表达方法和习惯,翻译时经常会使译语和原语的表达截然相反,大相径庭,而内容却是一致的。如摘要:人们常见的商标用语“keepdry”、“keepthetopsideup”、“mindthewetpaint”假如正面译为“保持干燥”、“上边朝上”、“小心湿的油漆”就不符合汉语的表达习惯。应该采用反译法,分别译为“切勿受潮”、“切勿倒置”、“小心油漆未干”,译文就较通顺,符合汉语表达习惯。
语法翻译法篇2
【关键词】景区英语 翻译
随着经济的快速发展，旅游业作为新兴产业发展速度越来越快。各地旅游景区不仅吸引了国内的大批游客，还吸引了世界各地的游客。景区英语翻译的好坏会影响景区文化的交流和我国在国际旅游市场上的形象。我国是旅游资源大国，随着APEC等国际会议在我国的举行，提高景区英语翻译水平十分重要。而英语是世界应用最广泛的语言，如何实现中英文合理转换，需对翻译存在的问题分析总结。
一、 景区英语翻译的常见问题
翻译，要经过语言表达、情感表达两方面，既要合理准确地表达语言的意思，又要使其符合文化背景，生动形象。景区英语翻译更具有其特点，由于其知识范围广，内容丰富，故在翻译中常出现以下几方面问题。针对这些问题，需要提出有效的翻译方法，使翻译发挥指示性作用，实现目标对象在中英两种形式之间的良好转换。
1.基础知识不牢固，翻译存在语法、单词拼写等错误。英文和中文的差异性，表现在多个方面，其中一方面是英文具有多样性，而中文具有重复性。英语单词本身有单复数、时态等变化，不同形式有不同意思。在景区英语翻译中，表达不准确的现象随处可见。其中指示牌翻译需简单明了、通俗易懂，于是有些翻译就出现了不准确的现象。比如，开水间“water room”，在一些地方被写成“water between”，房间不能用介词来表示，翻译存在语法错误。又如，捡起片片纸被译为“pick up piece of papers”，纸是不可数名词，应用a piece of paper 或pieces of papers表示。还有卫生间toilet在很多地方被写为toliet，这是明显的拼写错误。类似的翻译随处可见，这些问题有待发现并及时改正。
2.文化背景缺失或中西文化存在差异，造成翻译意思偏差。景区英语翻译不仅仅包括吃、穿、住等日常生活翻译，还包括景区文化翻译。中国景区以传统文化为主，包含宗教、建筑、历史等方面，翻译难度高。若译者对文化理解不透彻，就会出现意思偏差。此外，很多外来游客对中国历史文化没有深刻了解，对翻译的理解也会出现意思偏差，这样景区翻译就很难传达文化本身的内涵。如：佛教弥勒被直译为“Mile”，其在英文中有对应的翻译“Matriya”，该词出于梵文。若译者对佛教知识不了解，就很难将其翻译准确。又如观音菩萨“the goddess of mercy”，外国人很难理解这些有关中国传统文化的翻译，那么在翻译时就要添加补充说明的内容，以便外国游客更好地理解。同时，我们对西方语言的表达习惯也不太熟悉，如“restroom”在西方现在是洗手间的意思，而部分景点休息区会用该词语，其意思出现偏差。
在景区英语翻译各方面问题中，本身错误和文化差异导致的意思偏差是较常见的问题。为景区英语翻译能更好的发挥其解释说明作用，我们需在翻译理论基础上结合中国文化，提高翻译水平，使来自世界各地的游客更好地感受中国悠久文化内涵。
二、翻译方法
为提高景区英语翻译水平，可从信、达、雅三方面进行翻译。
1.规范化，忠实于原文，翻译本身意思不出现偏差。做到“信”，不仅需要译者有很好的英文驾驭能力，还需要有很强的中文语言功底，这样才能实现语意相通。英语表达要规范，即基础知识扎实，不出现拼写、语法等错误。因为这些是小错误，才使翻译不规范化的现象随处可见。只有把小错误避免了，才能实现更高层次的翻译。忠实于原文是指重视原文本身的意思、主旨和细节，不添加个人观点等内容。
2.在准确表达意思的基础上，需使翻译通顺、连贯。“达”，即通顺、连贯。内容上忠于原文，表达上通顺、畅达，这样翻译才能被更好的理解。如果只是逐字逐句翻译，那么在理解上就会出现意思偏差。很多内容需把握整体意思，连贯起来理解。我们可采取直译和意译相结合，不可全部直译、音译或硬译。我们常提到的四美，不能用“four loves”来表示的。这种直译，在意思上会出现疑惑，何来通达一说。因此，我们需结合具体内容，应用相关对等表达，使翻译更合理。
3.景区英语翻译不仅需要准确、通达、也要不失文雅。景区英语翻译不仅是内容的表达，更是思想的传承，如何赋予简单的翻译一定的文化内涵，需结合传统文化知识，采用四字格、修辞等方式，把文化内涵融入其中。在翻译过程中，既根据西方表达习惯进行次序调整，又把信息生动地表达出来。随着中文的发展，有些内容可根据中文拼音来翻译，如“Kungfu”和“doufu”，但不是所有中文都可直译。所以，我们要具体问题具体分析，在合理表达基础上，进行增减、四字格替换、意译，使翻译更文雅。
随着旅游景区的快速发展，景区英语翻译规范化不仅是景区进一步发展和完善的要求，也是景区整体文化程度的体现。景区英语翻译质量有待提高，我们需不断提高翻译水平，进一步实现跨文化交流，提升我国在国际旅游市场的形象。
参考文献：
[1]陈辉.旅游英语翻译方法浅析[J].宿州教育学院学报，2009， 01：128-130.
[2]谭艳琼.浅谈旅游英语的翻译策略[J].长春理工大学学报， 2012，06：73-74.
语法翻译法篇3
关键词:法律英语 英语翻译 文化差异 法系差异 心理思维差异
法律英语,是以英语为基础,用以表述法律科学概念及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语,它是在立法和司法等活动中形成和使用的具有法律专业特点的语言。法律英语特点鲜明,在词汇使用上庄重规范,书面语多,句法结构纷繁复杂,大量使用祈使句、被动语态、综合复杂句以及虚拟语气等。法律英语目前已经成为法律与英语中的一门交叉学科,在社会上日益得到广泛的重视和应用,本文主要对法律英语翻译进行了总结分析,希望能够对法律英语翻译的进一步发展有所帮助。
一、法律英语的特征
法律英语就其文体来说属于职业专用英语,是一种正式的书面语体,是应用语的一个分支,也是具有良好发展前景的一种语种。其行文庄重、结构严谨、表达准确。作为一种专用英语,法律英语在词汇的使用、句法的安排、文体的选择上都有自己独有的特征,具体来说:
1.句法特征
句法特征是法律英语特征的重要组成部分,常包括惯用长句,分词短语使用普遍(为了清晰地表达句意,法律英语往往更多地使用分词短语来代替从句做定语、状语或宾语),介词和介词短语使用频率高,条件从句使用率高。法律英语句法的这些特征是我们研究和对其进行翻译时所必须深入考虑和分析的。
2.词汇特征
词汇特征是法律英语特征的又一重要组成部分,具体来说分为使用法律专门术语(法律英语在长期的法律实践中逐渐形成了一些具有个性化色彩的法律语言);拉丁语频繁被使用(由于历史和现实的原因,拉丁语在英美法律实践中频繁被使用);相对词义的词语大量涌现;普通词语被赋予法律含义,如Party在法律英语中被理解为“当事人”等。
3.文体特征
法律英语属于书面英语。在起草法律文件时,严密准确是法律英语最重要的最基本的要求和特征。只有严密准确的法律英语才能保障法律的权威性,才能更好地反映立法意图并体现立法原则,才能更好地维护法律双方当事人的利益,才能更好地便于对法律进行解读和执行,从而有利于提高整个社会的法制水平。
二、法律英语翻译
1.法律英语翻译的一般原则
法律英语是一种应用性比较强的语言类型,法律英语翻译一般来说要遵循以下一些基本原则:①词语使用的庄严性。法律英语由于其直接鉴定了双方当事人的权利与义务,所以对用词的准确性要求相当高。这一点是在进行翻译时必须牢记的。②准确性原则。在对法律英语进行翻译时应当表达清楚具体,并尽量摆脱汉语思维习惯的影响,注意两种语言在表达上存在的差异,避免因使用错误的词语而使翻译失去准确性。③精炼性原则。翻译法律英语除了准确外,还应遵循精炼的原则,即用少量的词语传达大量的信息。精炼性原则要求应尽量做到舍繁求简,避免逐词翻译、行文拖沓。④术语一致性原则。为了维护同一概念、内涵或事物在法律上始终同一,以免引起歧义,即使同一词语多次重复,一经选定就必须前后统一等。法律英语的这些翻译原则是我们在进行法律英语翻译时所需要遵循的基本原则。
2.法律英语翻译的基本方法
法律英语翻译是国家间进行交流的一个重要内容,法律英语翻译的目的就是克服客观物质世界存在的民族差异性的障碍,促进国家之间的法律交流。根据笔者多年的学习、观察,法律英语翻译的基本方法主要有:①选择内涵最接近的法律词汇进行翻译。在中西法律文化之间,有些词的含义是不可能完全一致的,但是,在一般的情况下在这两种文化之间会存在内涵最为接近的词汇,这时可以采用而不会导致太大的误读。②创造新的法律词汇。很多的情况之下,译者们在面临一种文化中有而另一种文化中无的事物时,会采用音译的办法,翻译法律英语时也需要进行一种创造性的加工和想象,如罗马法系中的“legal person”最初被译成“法人”,“due procedure”译成“正当程序”等都是一种建设性的创新。③必要的解释。由于中西方诸多法律理念的基本差异,法律英语中有许多的词汇如果直接翻译,就会使它的意义非常不明确,此时,在忠实原文内涵的基础上做一些人为的增减就非常必要。法律英语以上的一些基本翻译方法是我们在进行法律英语翻译中可以采取的一些基本方法。
三、影响法律英语翻译的因素
1.语言文化差异
英汉两种语言文化背景不一,在行文结构、遣词习惯及句法层面上相去甚远。英语句子重分析,故造句多形合。而汉语句子则重意合,是靠逻辑事理的顺序来实现意合、流动、气韵三位一体的横向铺排的。由于两种语言特征各异,再加之法律语言的措辞要求严谨,故在翻译时往往不能正确遵循各自的语法要求,从而不利于表达。语言文化背景的差异已经得到社会各界广泛的认可和重视。
2.包括法系在内的法律文化差异
王佐良先生认为:“翻译工作者处理的是个别之词,面对的却是两大文化。”法律英语翻译不仅仅是两种语言的对译,恰恰相反,由于法律英语涉猎范围甚广,包括各部门法以及诸多法律边缘学科,故从事法律英语翻译的人士须熟悉中英有关的法律知识,如果缺少相应的法律文化底蕴尤其是一些法制史方面知识的了解,稍有不慎就会谬以千里,造成不完全理解或理解错误。法律文化的差异目前已经引起了社会各界的关注和重视。
3.思维方式差异
中西方由于语言文化习惯、生活习惯和饮食习惯的差异导致他们在逻辑思维方式上同样存在差异,思维方式的差异一方面将影响到其思考、分析问题的方式方法,另一方面也将影响到其理解、翻译语言的方式。因而,可以说,思维方式的差异同样是影响法律英语翻译的重要因素之一。
法律英语是法律与英语相结合而形成的一门应用非常强的学科。法律英语翻译之难就在于翻译的过程要实现法律与英语的双重要求。区别于其他的英语翻译,法律英语由于其准确性要求高,法律知识面要求广,因而法律英语对翻译人员提出了更高的综合素质要求。这既对他们是一个挑战也是一次机遇。希望本文对法律英语翻译的有关知识点的总结和梳理能够对我们认识和把握法律英语翻译,并进而提高法律英语的翻译质量和水平有所帮助。
参考文献:
[1]邱贵溪.论法律文件翻译的若干原则.载.中国科技翻译.2000年5月.
[2]苏珊.法律英语及其语言特征.载.河南省政法管理干部学院学报.1999年第4期.
[3]陈水池,罗孝智.法律英语用词的准确性特征.载.湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版).2003年9月.
[4]谢燕鸿.法律英语翻 译的准确性与模糊性.载.双语学习.2007年9月.
[5]李慧.文化差异对法律英语翻译的影响.载.经济与社会发展.2006年第11期.
[6]沈春华.法律英语翻译的基本方法.载.武汉工业学院学报.2004年9月.
语法翻译法篇4
关键词：英汉翻译 原文理解 语法分析
中图分类号： H315.9 文献标识码: A 文章编号：1672-1578（2009)5-0027-01
翻译是跨文化交际的重要方式，是各国进行政治、经济、文化、科学技术等内容交流的重要手段。在外语教学中，英汉翻译是必不可少的。这就要求译者或教师熟练掌握英语和汉语这两种语言，从而能传达原文的意思。翻译过程大体可概括为理解、表达和校对这三个阶段。而理解是翻译的第一步，也是翻译权过程中最重要的一步。在英汉翻译实践中，正确的理解英语原文有助于运用汉语正确的表达，而要正确的理解英语原文，深入细致的语法分析则是不可避免的，它是理解的前提。在英汉翻译中，语法分析不是进行纯语法分析，而是从语法的角度去剖析英语原文里句子的语法结构，弄清原文句子所传递的意义。因此，本论文将从单词和句子两个层面阐述英汉翻译中的语法分析的重要性。
1 单词的语法分析
单词是语言符号系统中的基本单位，是语言大厦的一块块砖石。在英汉翻译过程中，要想正确理解和传递句子或篇章的意义，单词是不可忽略的分析对象。
首先从词类来看，英语和汉语有着大致相同的词类，所不同的是英语中有冠词，而汉语中有量词和语气词。不同的词类在句中充当不同的句子成分或起不同的语法作用。在英汉翻译时，两种语言的词类常会发生转换，即词类转换法。以下是几个比较典型的例子：
I’m afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.
误译：我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟比我是个更好的老师。
在译文中，第二句的意思表达不清。名词teacher 虽是“老师”的意思，但根据前一句的意思，我们知道teacher 在这里并不指其身份和职业，而是具有较强的动作意味。在汉语中并没有恰当的对应名词时，这时就要使用词类转换法，将其翻译成动词“教”。该句应译为“我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟比我教得好。”
又如：What kind of sailor are you?
误译：你是什么样的水手？
同样，上面的译文没有充分理解原文，从而造成误解。这里名词sailor字面意思是“水手”，但在原句中具有动作意味，所以译时也要译成动词“晕”。该句应译为“你晕不晕船？”
其次从名词复数来看，有些抽象名词变为复数形式后往往会有不同的意思。例如：
She had got securities from her father.
误译：她从父亲那获得了安全感。
名词security 变成复数形式后，意思发生了改变，变成了“证券”。那么该句应译为“她从父亲那得到了证券”。
又如：He had not got any damages.
误译：他没有收到任何伤害。
在该句中，名词damage 变成复数形式后，含义发生了改变，变成了“赔偿金”。那么该句应译为“他没有得到任何赔偿金”。
2 句子的语法分析
句子是比单词更高一级的语法层次，是能够单独存在并能表达相对完整意义的语言单位。因此句子在英译汉翻译过程中占有重要的位置。
英汉句子既有相似之处也有不同点。在英汉翻译中我们主要注意它们的不同之处，特别是语序安排方面。同时还要进行句法分析，挑出英语原句的主干部分，再看其它的次要成分，从而充分理解原文所表达的含义，再用通顺、流利的汉语将其展现出来。因此，此时英语的语法知识要牢记在心里，并能熟练运用。下面我们举例来看一下，例如：
Prominent among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf were series of splendidly bound volumes entitled “Skinner’s Works”.
乍看此句时感觉很复杂，但仔细研究后发现该句为一个倒装句，其正常语序应为Series of splendidly bound volumes entitled“Skinner’s Works” were Prominent among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf. 这样该句的主干部分显而易见：Series were prominent. 而of splendidly bound volumes entitled “Skinner’s Works”是定语，修饰series。而among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf 是地点状语，是按照由小到大的顺序排列的；而在汉语句子中，状语则是由大到小排列的。这样该句的结构就很清楚了。接下来就是运用汉语进行表述。该句应译为“在那个最显眼的书架上最显眼的书籍中显眼的几卷就是精装的名叫《史金纳全集》的一套书”。
又如：… there was in the old library at Queen’s Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English languages …
本句主干部分为：there was a considerable provision of works，地点状语为in the old library at Queen’s Crawley，修饰works的定语为of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English languages。本句句法结构分析后，理解重点则应放在light literature的理解上。在该句中，light literature应译为“轻松的读物”。全句应译为“… 在英国女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里，有不少上世纪的文学作品，有英文的，也有法文的，都是些轻松的读物”。该句采用了分译法，因为在汉语中找不到light literature对等的词。
综上所述，我们可以看出在英汉翻译中要想充分理解原文，传递信息，首先就要进行细致入微的语法分析，这也是最基本的一步。只有这样，我们才能够进行深透的理解和忠实表达，从而达到交流的目的。
参考文献：
[1]郭著章.英汉互译实用教程[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社，1987.
[2]范仲英.实用翻译教程[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994.
语法翻译法篇5
中国悠久的历史文化和广袤国土给我们留下了丰富的旅游资源。据统计，到2020年中国将成为世界上第一大旅游目的地国和第四大客源输出国。旅游业的迅猛健康发展需要加大旅游文化的宣传和旅游景点的推介。旅游资料的翻译就是向外国友人宣传和推介旅游景点，其质量的好坏直接影响到了旅游业的发展。然而，旅游英语翻译是极具民族特色的翻译，不同的民族文化心理和审美意识导致了旅游资料风格迥异，这与各自不同的语言文化传统、社会历史背景、审美思维习惯等有着深厚的历史渊源。汉语的写作美学追求客观景物与主观情感高度和谐、融为一体的浑然之美。对景物的描写多是文笔优美，用词凝练含蓄，意境音韵美。对景物的刻画不求明细，讲究的是一种情景交融的朦胧美。而西方传统哲学在主观与客观的物象关系上，主张“客主分离”，更多的强调摹仿与再现，在描绘外界自然美时，总是“站在自然之外”去欣赏自然之美。因此汉语语言表达常常人文色彩浓郁，物我一体，一景一物，皆有灵性，主观色彩浓厚。相反，英语在描写景物时客观具体，重写实，重形象而不是意象的直观感受。最忌讳的是华而不实，追求一种流畅自然之美，突出传递信息的客观性和可靠性。由此可见，语言文化的差异给旅游资料的翻译带来了许多的问题，要提高旅游资料的翻译质量，使游客能够产生共鸣，翻译工作者就要选择合适的翻译策略和方法
1. 翻译策略
翻译的“功能理论”是指专注于文本与翻译的一种或多种功能的研究。功能翻译理论学派，除了翻译的目的论这一占据主导地位的学派以外，还包括一批认同功能翻译理论以及受德国目的论所启发的学者。功能翻译学派先驱本文由收集整理者赖斯认为翻译应该有具体的翻译要求，有时候因为特殊需要，要求译文与原文具有不同功能，而译者也应当优先考虑译文的功能特征而不是对等原则。翻译目的论认为，翻译是一种交际行为，翻译行为所要达到的目的决定了整个翻译行为的过程。在这一原则下，原文文本在翻译中只是起到了提供信息的作用，为了适应新的交际环境和译文读者的需要，更加有效地实现译文的功能，译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应该是对等理论所注重的原文，而应该是译文在译语文化环境中所期待达到的一种或几种交际功能。纽马克也将语言功能与翻译结合起来，他在赖斯的“信息型”、“表达型”、和“祈使型”三类文本基础上，将各类文本体裁重新划分。纽马克将通告、说明书、公共宣传品、通俗作品等一类体裁归于“呼唤型文本”。对于呼唤型文本，由于其文本的“核心”是“读者层”，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，重要的是信息的传递效果和读者的情感呼应，即读者效应，以唤起他们去行动，去思考，去感受。
译者必须顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，去获取译文预期的效果。旅游文本属“呼唤型”文本。旅游文体的翻译，不但要传达源语信息，而且要注意它自身的特殊性。旅游资料的功能是通过对景点的介绍、宣传，扩展人们的知识，激发人们旅游、参观的兴趣。因此，旅游文体翻译的最终目的就是通过传递信息来吸引旅游者。翻译这类资料，译者要考虑到译语的可读性及读者的接受效果，所以，译者可根据实际需要，运用适当的手法，如常用的有音译、增补、删减、改写、类比、等对译文进行调整。
2. 翻译方法
2.1音译和意译
完全音译的方法适用于行政区划分名称如城市，乡镇，县城，村庄等的翻译。音意双译一般都采用专名音译，同名意译的方法，牵涉到历史和传说中的人物或山河湖海的名字尤其如此。完全音译对保留原文形象及文化，历史内涵至关重要但是如果没有意译，外国人就缺少一个与中国读法之间连接的途径，所以这时比较恰当的译法是音译与意译相结合。如天涯海角（海南岛著名的旅游景点）译为：tianya-haijiao （the end of the earth and the edge of the sea）上述意译可引起读者生动有趣的联想与美的享受。又如：卦台山周围有龙马洞、分心石、洗脚石等景点。译文：around the guatai mountain are the longma （dragon-and-horse） cave，fenxin （distracting attention） rock，xijiao （washing feet） stone and other scenes．
2.2增补
增补是为了易于读者的理解而添加的相关知识和背景资料。旅游资料除了本身的自然景观，还含有丰富的文化内涵，所以在翻译时需要增添原文内容所必须的背景知识，如：历史事件发生的年代，名胜的具体位置等等，有助于外国游客的理解。例如对西域的翻译the western regions-a han dynasty term for the area west of yumenguan pass， including what is now xinjiang uygur autonomous region and parts of central asia。又如 苏东坡su dongpo （1037—1101），the most versatile poet of the northern song dynasty （960 — 1127）。译文增加了对西域所包括的地域的说明让游客对其位置有更清晰的认识，而对苏东坡的说明，则更好地帮助游客理解历史人物所具备的文化价值。
2.3删减
在旅游英语的翻译中，有时候需要删减多余的对译
文没有多大帮助的内容，比如中国人在写事状物时喜欢引用名人名言或古诗词加以验证，中国读者读了会加深印象，并从中得到艺术享受，但是这些信息对外国游客而言是没有意义的，所以干脆删减掉，这样既不会破坏他们的兴致也可以达到预期的目的。如：烟水苍茫月色迷，渔舟晚泊栈桥西。乘凉每至黄昏后，人依栏杆水拍堤。这是古人赞美青岛海滨的诗句。青岛是一个风景秀丽的海滨城市。夏无酷暑，冬无严寒。西起胶州湾入海处的团岛，东至崂山风景区的下清宫，绵延80多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚丽多彩的长轴画卷！qingdao is a charming coastal city， whose beauty often appears in poetry. it is not hot in summer or cold in winter. the 40-kilometer-long scenic line begins from tuan island at the west end to xiaqing temple of mount lao at the east end.译者将古诗全部删除，这样做并没有影响到游客对原文其他部分的理解，而译文中的第一句正是对前面情况的简要说明。
2.4改写
针对中国人和西方人之间思维差异的状况，为了便于游客的理解，避免歧义，或者是为了使句子简练明了，在翻译的时候可以适当对旅游资料进行改写，比如中国人是螺旋式思维，而西方人是直线思维，为了能让游客们更好的接受翻译的信息，译者不妨按照他们的思维方式来改写旅游资料。如，境内西湖如明镜，千层凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光迤逦。west lake is like a mirror， embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.改写的翻译更易于游客的理解，并且避免了歧义。
2.5类比
为使旅游信息在外国游客中产生反响，用“以此比彼”的方法可以有效地拉近游客与中国文化的距离，使他们产生亲近感，激发他们的游兴。而在找不到文化对应词的时候也可以使用西方文化中的同类典故，成语，婉转语等，使游客在自己文化基础上理解异国文化情调，加强文化交流与理解。如：月下老人 chinese cupid 西施 chinese cleopatra 济公 chinese robin hood 孔子 chinese aristotle 苏州 chinese venice。
语法翻译法篇6
因此,在汉语成语英译的具体操作过程中,首先要充分理解汉语成语的内在含义,灵活运用不同的翻译方法,对比英汉语言中习语(成语)的异同,进行适当的结构调整,将汉语成语所承载的文化特色和文化信息最大限度地传译给外国读者。帮助外国读者消除或减少语言及文化障碍就要求译者尽最大努力把汉语成语翻译成外国读者乐于接受的形式。与此同时要在英语中再现汉语文化,这是一个很大的挑战。
把汉语成语翻译成英语,译者们掌握和熟悉两种语言以及其文化是非常重要的。他们必须从风俗和文化背景的角度,通过对汉语和英语语言学和文化差异的理解,尽量去把握成语的内在含义,从而使其观点与原文的精神相一致。本文简单介绍了汉语成语英译的几种方法。
【关键词】 汉语成语,英语习语,翻译,文化内涵,源语,目标语
[Abstract] Chinese idioms bear five thousand years of Chinese cultural characteristic and the cultural messages. Translation is not only one kind of simple correspondence switching process between two languages, but is one kind of cultural exchange and transmission.
Therefore, translating Chinese idioms into English is a concrete operating process. First, the translators must fully understand the intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idioms; second, they should utilize several different translation methods nimbly and contrasts the similarities and differences between the English idioms and Chinese idioms; third, they should carry on the suitable structure adjustment and translate Chinese idioms which bear cultural characteristic and cultural information in maximum limit for the foreign readers. Helping the foreign readers eliminate and reduce language and cultural barrier requests the translator to work diligently to translate the form of Chinese idiom in the way that the foreign readers are glad to accept. At the same time, this is a very big challenge to reappear Chinese culture in English.
To understand and translate Chinese idioms into English,it is very important for the translators to master and well acquaint themselves with the original language and the target language and their cultures. They should set out from the aspects of customs and cultural backgrounds and try to grasp the connotation of the original idiom by understanding linguistic and cultural differences between English and Chinese so as to make his version alike the original text in spirit. This article introduced several methods on translation of Chinese idioms concisely.
[Key Words] Chinese idioms;English idioms;translation;culture connotation;original language;target language
1. Introduction
About translation, the translation theoreticians have proposed many different viewpoints. In China, the most popular theory is Mr.Yanfu’s “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance(信,达,雅)”while in the western countries, the most popular one is “equivalent value, equivalent effect and function equivalence(等值,等效,功能对等) ”.These viewpoints are mutually influenced and supplemented. Although the translators have different emphasis points, they all advocate that the translation must express the connotation of the original text faithfully and the style of the original work should reappear in translation. “所谓忠实表达原文的意义,应指忠实表达原文的字面意义,形象意义,隐含意义三个方面。”[1] p65(So-called “expressing the indication of the original text faithfully”, is to express the wording meaning, the image meaning and the implied meaning of the original text faithfully.) But not all expressions, words, even characters in the original text simultaneously have these three kinds of meanings. Maybe some of them only have the wording mean
ing, but without the image meaning; some may have the wording meaning and the image meaning, but lack of the implied meaning. Any two languages are impossible to be all coordinated completely. Therefore, it is impossible to completely reproduce the three kinds of meanings of the original text. First, because the cultural differences produce the contradiction in the translation process, the wording meaning or the image meaning must obey the implied meaning. Second, the image meaning of the original text cannot be found in the target language. Sometimes the images are the same but the implied meanings are actually different. In this situation, what the translators need to consider first is the accurate expression of the implied meaning. The images of the original text should be changed into other images that the foreign readers are familiar with.
2. Several methods of Chinese idiom translation
The existence of cultural differences brings certain difficulties to the cultural exchange. It is also the biggest barrier in the translation. When the translators translate one language to another, besides understanding the writing of these two languages thoroughly, the translators also have to understand the cultural differences between these two languages profoundly.
In Chinese “Idioms” means that “成语:人们长期以来习用的,简洁精辟的定型词组或短句。汉语的成语大多由四个字组成,一般都有出处。有些成语从字面上不难理解,如‘小题大做’,‘后来居上’等。有些成语必须知道来源或典故才能懂得意思,如‘朝三暮四’,‘杯弓蛇影’等。”[2] P 130(Since long ago the people have used habitually, concise and succinct words or short phrases. Most Chinese idioms are composed by four characters, generally all of which have the source. The meanings of Some idioms are available from the word writing, such as: ‘小题大做’and ‘后来居上’; The meaning of some idioms should be got from its source or allusion. Such as ‘朝三暮四’ and ‘杯弓蛇影’.) On Chinese idiom translation, culture has a great influence on the translators' logical thinking and the glossary choice of the language.
The semantics of idiom has the integrity. Usually we cannot get its significance from a single character. If many Chinese idioms were translated into English directly according to the wording meaning, although the foreign readers can understand the meaning of each character, they still have difficulties in understanding the overall significance of this idiom.
2.1 Metaphrase
Metaphrase is a method that the image and the forms of the original text are preserved, which can be translated literally. The readers also can catch the implied meaning by the wording translation. Some Chinese idioms have similar images, which the foreign readers can associate to the equivalent English idioms.
2.1.1 Literal Translation
In idiom translation, there is a tendency to find English equivalent idioms, equivalent in referential meaning rather than in the images. The reason is that the target text must be idiomatically English. Therefore, literal translation of Chinese idioms is often considered non-idiomatic. As long as the translation conveys a vivid image and the referential meaning is not distorted, literal translation can introduce Chinese culture to the world. Literal translation is a way by which the rhetoric, national and regional characteristics are kept in the target language. In this way the meaning and the form of the source language are unchanged.
Some Chinese idioms can be translated literally with the same vivid figurative result of the original ones, which can make the foreign readers associate to the equivalent English idioms.
For example:
⑴对牛弹琴 —— To p lay the lute to a cow. The readers can associate it to the equivalent English idiom “to cast pearls before swine”.
⑵竭泽而渔 —— To drain a pond to catch all the fish (the equivalent idiom: To kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.)
⑶易如反掌 —— To be as easy as turning over one’s hand (the equivalent one: As easy as falling off a log.)
⑷口蜜腹剑 —— To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted(the equivalent one: A Judas kiss)
Though there are not equivalent English idioms, some Chinese idioms with the literal meanings can also be translated literally with the accurate images. Such as:
⑸井底之蛙 —— To be like a frog at the bottom of a well
⑹史无前例 —— To be without precedent in history
⑺七嘴八舌 —— With seven mouths and eight tongues
2.1.2 Replacement
Regarding Chinese idioms translation, what many translation books discussed mainly was the replacement technique. Sometimes, equivalent translations can be found, but mostly only similar ones. Usually the replacement technique is necessary in the following situations.
(ⅰ) Chinese idioms have same meanings and culture messages as those in the target language.
There are many Chinese and English idioms, which have the same images as well as the expression forms.
⑴In Chinese, “浑水摸鱼” means “[释义]浑水:浑浊的水。指在浑浊的水中摸鱼。[用法]比喻趁混乱的时机捞取不正当的利益,也作‘混水摸鱼’。”[3]P259 But the English idiom “to fish in troubled water” means “take advantage of troubled or uncertain condition for personal profit”. These two idioms are similar in both expression form and intrinsic meaning.
The similar idioms are as follows:
⑵赴汤蹈火 —— Go through fire and water
⑶随波逐流 —— To go with the tide
⑷知识就是力量 —— Knowledge is power.
⑸眼不见,心不烦 —— Out of sight, out of mind.
⑹谋事在人,成事在天 —— Man proposes, god disposes
⑺空中楼阁 —— Castles in the air
⑻充耳不闻 —— Turn a deaf ear to
(ⅱ) Chinese idioms share similar meanings but different culture messages and images with the target language.
The Chinese idioms, which have same or similar vivid analogy with the English idioms, should be exchanged into the same or corresponding English idioms directly. Different languages have different images.
⑴For example: if translators translate the Chinese idiom “胸有成竹” directly into “have a bamboo in one’ s stomach” according to the wording meaning. The foreign readers not only have difficulties in getting the meaning that this idiom contained, but also have the wrong association easily. Therefore, the translators must discard the images in this idiom and change them into the images that the foreign readers are familiar with. So it may be translated as “have a card in one’s sleeve”
⑵The Chinese say “噤若寒蝉”(as mute as a winter cicada)”, yet the native English say , “as mute as a fish”. Fish and cicada have similar function in the above examples though they are not similar at all. As far as “silence” is concerned, fish is a familiar image to English speakers, yet the Chinese tend to associate the sense with winter cicada.
⑶The Chinese idiom “瓮中之鳖(the turtle in the jar)”means “[释义]瓮:大坛子;鳖:甲鱼。大坛子中的甲鱼。[用法]形容已在掌握之中,逃脱不了。”[4]P651 .But the English idiom “likes a rat in a hole”, whose image is a mouse, which is stranded in a hole. It is in an extremely difficult situation. These two scenes agree without prior consultation but happen to hold the same view. Though the translators replaced the image, the foreign readers have no difficulty to understand its meaning.
The similar Chinese idioms included:
⑷胆小如鼠 —— As ti mid as a rabbit
⑸挥金如土 —— Spend money like water
⑹东张西望 —— Look right and left
⑺缘木求鱼 —— Seek a hare in hen’s nest
⑻抛砖引玉 —— To throw a sprat to catch a herring
So, familiar images of the target language are often used to replace those of the source language. It is very regret that the foreign readers cannot understand the exotic atmosphere of Chinese culture.
(ⅲ) Chinese idioms share similar images but different culture messages and connotation with the target language.
Some Chinese idioms and English idioms are almost the same in the expression form, but the commendatory or derogatory meaning, which the idioms contained, is different. So they cannot be mutually translated.
“习俗文化指的是贯穿于日常社会生活和交际活动中由民族的风俗习惯形成的文化。.[5]P64”( The custom culture refers to the activities, which formed by nationality's manners and customs in the social daily life)As a result of the custom culture differences, the translators must pay attention to the animal words in the idioms whose meanings are different. For example, in China, the people often think the dog is loathing. Therefore, most dog-related idioms include the derogatory meaning.
⑴For example, “狐朋狗友(Pack of scoundrels)”, “狼心狗肺(heartless and cruel)”and so on. But in the western nation, the dog was considered as human's good friends. For example: “help a lame dog over a stile (雪中送炭)”, “love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌)”and so on.
⑵For example: the Chinese idiom “笑掉大牙” includes the meaning “ridicules”. The English idiom “to laugh off one’s head” is only the expression of “laugh” or “laugh loudly”. It is a neutral word. These two idioms look very similar literally. But the commendatory and derogatory terms of two words are dissimilar. So they cannot be mutually translated.
⑶The Chinese idiom “说曹操,曹操到(when you mention CaoCao ,he soon arrives)” means “I was just talking about you!” it did not bring the derogatory meaning, but English idiom “talk of the devil and he will appear” has the derogatory meaning。
⑷If you translate “亡羊补牢” to English proverb “lock /close the stable door after /when the horse has been stolen”. The direct translation mistakes the meaning of “亡羊补牢" which means “still has not been late “! But this English proverb expressed the meaning “has already been late , beyond any help”。Therefore, 亡羊补牢can correspond to the English proverb “a stitch in time save nine” or “better late than never”
⑸In the Chinese idiom“令人发指” and the English idiom “to make one’s hair stand on end”,[6]P164 the former one means “to make the person extremely angry “,the latter one refers that “ frighten or horrify someone”. So ‘令人发指’ can be translated into “make the blood boil”.
2.2 Paraphrase
Paraphrase is a method that the original contents are preserved, but the forms are changed in the target language.
When Chinese idioms are metaphrased into the target language, readers still cannot grasp the meanings due to cultural difference. “有些习惯用语带有很浓的中国文化色彩…对于这部分成语,字面翻译是无法为外国读者所接受的。如加上许多解释性的文字,就失去了成语精粹的特点。最好的办法就是绕开其文化背景,译出其真正的内涵意义。”[7]P139 (Some idioms have the Chinese culture characteristic.. Regarding this kind of idioms, the wording translation is unable for the foreign reader’s acceptance. If we add many explanations, the idiom characteristic will lose. The best method is to discard its cultural context and translate its connotation.)
Thus, paraphrase is needed to keep meanings to point and keep connotation in line with the culture in the target language, though it may fail to show the style of the original language. It is a good way to convey the connotation of Chinese idioms.
2.2.1 Negation
Mr.Ye Zinan mentions negation in 《高级汉英翻译理论与实践》. He gives the definition like this: “反面着笔法(negation)有时也称正说反译或反说正译。其基本概念是原文从一个角度下笔,译文恰恰从相反的角度下笔。” [8]P80(Sometimes negation also was called that to express positively but be translated negatively or to express positively but be translated negatively. Although the basic concept of the original text starts writing from an angle, the translation exactly starts writing from the opposite angle.).
Sometimes the translators utilize the negation technique just to form an exquisite article.
For example:
⑴“塞翁失马,焉知非福?” is a rhetorical question, but the translation is “ Danger is next neighbor to security.” which is an affirmation declarative sentence.
⑵我很高兴看见你安然无恙。——I am glad to see you safe and sound.
In Chinese, “无恙” means “haven’t got illness”, which is expressed negatively. But its translation —— “sound”, whose meaning is “健康”, is expressed positively.
“英语中有许多含有否定或半否定语气的词语,在翻译中可充分利用,以便使译文符合英语习惯,并使句子结构多样化。”[9]P60 ( There are many denial or half denial expression words and expressions in English. If they are fully used in translation, the translation will conform to the English custom and the sentence structures are more varied.)
⑶For example: “木已成舟” in Chinese is firmly a declarative sentence. But its English translation is “things done cannot be undone” which expresses the identical meaning from the denial declarative sentence angle.
⑷“不入虎穴,焉得虎子?” is a rhetorical question, whose translation is “nothing venture, nothing have”. It is an affirmation sentence.
⑸他开车的时候心不在焉,几乎闯祸。——His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
The noun “absence” conceals the meaning of negation. It agreed with the logics of the native English readers.
Mr.Ye Zinan had added “有时采用这种方法却是译者为了行文优美的目的,不用这个反面着笔的方法译文并非不通。反面着笔的方法在实际翻译中如果用的恰到好处,常常会使译者绝处缝生,是英汉翻译中非常有用的一个技巧。”[10]P81(Sometimes the translator uses this method in order to reach a goal of forming an exquisite article. So even if they don’t use the method of negation, other translation methods still work. If the translator uses Negation properly, he will find his way out from an impasse. It is a useful skill in Chinese and English translation.)
2.2.2 Substitution
“Substitution” refers to “some Chinese idioms are abstract while the equivalent English idioms have concrete images; some Chinese idioms have concrete images but the equivalent English ones are always abstract.”
2.2.2.1 Substitute abstract concept for concrete images
The Chinese idiom is quite abstract, while the English idiom is concrete. Because its vivid image may enable the reader to realize flavor.
⑴For example: “做贼心虚” may be translated that “a bad conscience is just like a snake in one ' s heart”. We use “a snake in the heart” to transmit “心虚”—the afraid and guilty conscience of the thief.
⑵The correspond English idiom of “事与愿违”is “all your swans are geese”. When someone fined out all swans are ordinary geese and the disappointed facial expression is contrary to what he expects.
⑶“不知所措” corresponds the English idiom “all at sea”. Shall we try to imagine the situation that a person in the boundless sea. It is helpless.
⑷The idiom “入乡随俗” may be translated into “when in Rome, do as the Romans do.” Why in Rome but not other places? But the foreign readers are very familiar with this idiom. We change “乡(village)”to “Rome” which the foreign readers are so familiar with. Certainly they can accurately understand intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idiom “入乡随俗”.
The similar idioms are as follows:
⑸青出于蓝胜于蓝 —— The pupil outdoes the master.
⑹不择手段 —— By hook and by crook
⑺不辞而别 —— To take French leave.
2.2.2.2 Substitute concrete images for abstract concept
“中国人特别喜欢用具体形象词语比喻抽象的事物,以物表感,状物言志。”[11]P30(The Chinese like using the vivid concrete words and expressions to substitute abstract things, expressing their feelings and wills by things)Some Chinese idioms use the concrete images or things to describe the abstract concepts. Therefore, in translation process, the translators should boldly discard these images and translate the connotation of them appropriately.
⑴For instance: if the translators translate “顺手牵羊” directly into “walk off with a sheep” according to the wording meaning. The foreign readers may misunderstand that the thieves in China only steal the sheep but not other things. But Chinese readers haven’t got such misunderstanding. In this idiom, “the sheep(羊)” is a concrete thing actually which refers to “others' thing perhaps the property”. It expresses an abstract concept with the concrete thing.
⑵When we translate the idiom “狗急跳墙”, we do not need to describe specifically that “how anxious the dog is (狗急)”, and “how it to jump the wall(跳墙)”. As long as we express the intrinsic meaning, the foreign readers may be clear at a glance when we translate it as “do something desperate”.
⑶Perhaps we have to have a lengthy speech when translate “明火执仗”. But the direct translation is “do evil things openly”. The foreign readers can understand its intrinsic meaning concisely.
⑷If translate “守株待兔” in a detailed way, do we have the necessity to tell the fable story which conceals this idiom in details? Even we told this story; the foreign readers also cannot realize the implication, which this idiom contains. If we translate it directly likes this: “trust to the chance and stroke of luck”. The foreign readers may understand the implication easily. The only regret thing is that it lacks the Chinese characteristic.
Because the native English readers can’t accept the figurative images of some Chinese idioms, we should translate these idioms flexibly according to their actual meanings.
⑸For example, if we translate the idiom“眉飞色舞”into “his eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing”, the native readers will not only feel confused and puzzled, they will also think it funny and ridiculous.
More similar idioms are:
⑹粗枝大叶 —— To be crude and careless. (Dead translation: with big branches and large leaves)
⑺灯红酒绿 —— Dissipated and luxurious. (Dead translation: with red lights and green wine)
⑻开门见山 —— To come straight to the point. (Dead translation: to open the door and see the mountain)
⑼大张旗鼓 —— On a large and spectacular scale. (Dead translation: to make a great array of flags and drums)
⑽风雨飘摇 —— Being unstable. (Dead translation: The wind and rain are rocking)
2.2.3 Additional remarks & Note
The readers need additional remarks and note if the meaning of the idiom is not completely understood.
2.2.3.1 Additional remarks
“Additional remarks” refers to “to increase the related information, which may help understand the intrinsic meaning of the idiom in the translation process.” It is usually concise.
For example:
⑴The translation of “事后诸葛亮” is “to be a wis e man like Zhuge Liang after the event.” As we know, Zhuge Liang is a renowned character in the Chinese history. He is the symbol of wisdom. But the foreign friends may not necessarily know who he is. Therefore, the translator has to explain who Zhuge Liang is. The foreign readers are easier to understand the connotation of the idiom.
⑵你这是班门弄斧。——“You are showing off your proficiency with an axe before Luban the master carpenter.”
In order to help foreign readers understand the meaning of the idiom, translators add “showing off your proficiency “ to indicate the connotation of “班门弄斧” and also add some background knowledge of this idiom, that is to say, Lu Ban is a master carpenter. The method of translation not only makes the translation precise but also takes the meaning expression and the cultural exchange into account.
⑶Like “东施效颦” may be translated as “ Tung shih imitates Hsi shih” (Hsi shih was a famous beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yueh. Tung shih was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her way). Its concealed meaning is “imitates others to make a fool of oneself”.
⑷If we translate “八仙过海” to “ the eight fairies crossed the sea” without introducing “八仙(the eight fairies)”are characters in the Chinese myth story, the readers should be puzzled. Therefore we must add the annotation behind the translation: the eight fairies of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
2.2.3.2 Note
“Note” refers to “to add the related information and backgrounds of the idioms in details.” It is usually the footnotes.
Although the structure is simple ,the implied meaning is profound. Therefore,they cannot be solely come up the understanding and translation from a single word. Some Chinese idioms are rich in Chinese cultural backgrounds, among which contain the ancient Chinese names from mythology and history. If we translate this kind of idioms literally, the native English readers will not understand them. If we translate the idioms with more explanation, the translations will loss the idiom characteristic of being concise. In this case, we’d better translate the idiom freely with the actual meaning rather than focus on its cultural background. If we use the method of direct translation to translate this kind of idioms, it will bring difficulties to the native English reader's reading and understanding. Moreover, even if we use the method of significance translation, we still can’t vividly reappear the literary reference and the cultural connotation of the Chinese idioms.
Some foreign readers don't know the meaning of the Chinese idioms from the paraphrase. But they may be wondering the stories related to them. In this case, concise note is necessary to compensate the cultural differences and decrease cultural loss. These methods should be cautiously used in the avoidance of tediousness and the explanatory notes are usually footnotes.
Such as:
⑴“画饼充饥” —— Allaying hunger with pictures of cakes
In the three kingdoms period (220-280), the kind of the Wei, Cao Rui, wanted to select a very capable man to work for him. He said to his ministers: “when choosing a talented person, always beware of one with a false reputation. A false reputation is just like a picture of a cake, it can’t reliever hunger.” later, this idiom came to be used to mean comforting oneself with unrealistic thoughts, without solving practical problems.
⑵“叶公好龙” —— Lord Sheh’s love of dragons
Sheh was so fond of dragons that he adorned his whole palace with drawings and carvings of them, but when a real dra gon heard of his infatuation and paid him a visit, he was frightened out of his wits.
The translators have to add a footnote to this idiom, and the foreign readers can get the connotation from it.
More similar idioms are as follows:
⑶毛遂自荐 —— Mao Sui recommending himself
In the warring states period, the state of Qin besieged the capital of the state of Zhao. Duke Pingyuan of Zhao planned to ask the ruler of the state of Chu personally for assistance. He wanted to select a capable man to go with him. A man called Mao Sui volunteered. When the negotiations between the two states were stalled because the ruler of Chu hesitates to send troops, Mao Sui approached him, brandishing a sword. In that situation, the ruler of Chu agrees to help Zhao, against Qin.
So the Chinese use “毛遂自荐” to mean that “to volunteer one’s service”
⑷“一鼓作气” —— Rousing the spirits with the first drum roll
During the spring and autumn period, an army from the state of Qi confronted one from the state of Lu. After the first roll of drums from the Qi side to summon Lu to battle, the Lu ruler wanted to attack. But his counselor Cao Gui said “we should wait until the third drum roll, sire.” after the Qi side had beaten the drums three times, the Lu army attacked and defeated the Qi army. After the battle, the king asked Cao Gui the reasons for his odd advice. Cao Gui answered, “fighting needs spirit. Their spirit was aroused by the first roll or the drums, but was depleted by the second. And it was completely exhausted by the third. We started to attack when their spirit was exhausted. That’s why we won.”
So, later, this idiom means, “to get something done with one sustained effort.”
2.2.4 Omission
Ms Hu Aiping has mentioned that “汉语成语有些是对偶词组,前后两对含义相同,修辞上优美匀称,尤其是在四字结构的成语中,多呈现‘同义反复’的现象。这种现象在崇尚简洁的英语中是最忌讳的。”[12]P69 (Some Chinese idioms are the matched phrases. The meanings of the two pairs of words are same. They are exquisite and symmetrical in rhetoric. Particularly the four characters structure idioms present the phenomenon of ‘tautology’. This kind of phenomenon is a taboo in English, which advocate succinctness.)
The images in Chinese idioms are vivid. Many idioms have the compound antithesis structure. Though their explanations are different, the concealed meanings are same. Regarding this kind of idiom translation, In order to avoid “tautology “, translating the meaning of image is ok.
For example:
⑴近朱者赤,近墨者黑 —— One who stays near vermilion gets stained red./When you touch red,you become red. There are some similar expressions in the English speaking countries: “one takes the behavior of one’s company.” or “one takes on the attributes of one’s associates.” or “watch the company you keep.”
⑵“无影无踪”,whose meaning is “to vanish without a trace”, the meaning of “无影”is “without an image”, “无踪”means “without a trace”. Hence, “without a trace” is enough to express the whole meaning of this idiom.
⑶忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔,长吁短叹。(罗贯中《三国演义》)—— suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.
Here, “长吁” and “短叹” have the same meaning of “sighing deeply”.
⑷“这断子绝孙的阿Q!”远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。(鲁迅《阿Q正传》)——“ Ah Q, may you die sonless! ” Sounded the little nun’s voice tearfully in the distance.
In the translation, “die sonless” can express the meanings of both “断子” and “绝孙”.
⑸她只觉得头晕眼花,辨不出路径 —— She felt too dizzy to remember the way she had come. In Chinese, “头晕” and “眼花” have the same meaning of “dizzy”.
The similar idioms are:
⑹愁 眉苦脸 —— Gloomy faces
⑺天长地久 —— Eternal like skies
⑻五光十色 —— Multicolored
⑼生龙活虎 —— Bursting with energy
⑽字斟句酌 —— Weigh every word
3.Conclusion:
Nevertheless, translation methods are not fixed. One Chinese idiom may be translated in several different ways. Proper translations are to be chosen by consideration of various contexts and readers’ acceptability.
Mr.Tan Zaixi has expressed Eugene A. Nida’s view as follows: “任何能用一种语言表达的东西都能够用另一种语言来表达;在语言之间,文化之间能通过寻找翻译对等语,以适当方式重组原文形式和寓意结构来进行交际。”[13]P20(Everything that can be expressed in one language also can be translated into another language. We can find out the equivalent one between two languages and between two cultures, and then do the communications by the way which adjust the structures in a proper way. ) The Chinese idioms are the cream of our national culture. In translating them into English, we should translate not only the denotations, but also the cultural connotations. If necessary, we should adjust the semantic structures so that we can decrease the culture loss as little as possible. In this way, we can promote and expand the exchange abroad of the Chinese culture.
Eugene. Nida thought that, “对于真正成功的翻译来说,双文化能力甚至要比双语能力更为重要。”[14]P70(Regarding the success translation that, the double cultural ability even must be more important than the bilingual ability)Therefore, translating Chinese idioms into English is a concrete operating process. First, the translators must fully understand the intrinsic meaning of the Chinese idiom; second, they should use several translation methods flexibly, contrast the similarities and differences between English and Chinese, adjust the structure suitably; last, try their best to translate Chinese idioms which bear the cultural characteristic and information to the foreign readers. Helping the foreign readers eliminate and reduce language and cultural barrier requests the translator to translate the form of Chinese idioms diligently that the foreign readers are glad to accept. At the same time it is a big challenge to reappear Chinese culture in English.
Translation is not only two languages exchanges, but also one kind of cross-cultural exchange. Its goal is to break the barrier between the two different languages.
Bibliography (Reference):
⑴裘乐英 英汉文化差异和习语翻译 [J] 四川师范学院学报2002 P65
⑵现代汉语词典2002年增补本 [C] 商务印书馆 2002 P130
⑶马春来等 实用汉语成语词典 [C] 上海远东出版社 1995 P259
⑷同⑶ P651
⑸同⑴ P64
⑹张勇先 实用英语惯用法教程 [M] 中国人民大学出版社1998 P164
⑺冯庆华 实用翻译教程 [M] 上海外语教育出版社 2000 P139
⑻叶子南 高级英汉翻译理论与实践 [M] 清华大学出版社2001 P80
⑼吕瑞昌,喻云根等 汉英翻译教程 [M] 陕西人民出版社 1983 P60
⑽同⑻ P81
⑾陈宏薇,李亚丹 新编汉英翻译教程 [M] 上海外语教育出版社 2004 P30
⑿胡爱萍 试论汉语成语英译中的归化和异化 [J] 阜阳师范学院学报 2004 P69
⒀王武兴 汉译英中不同社会文化信息的转换 [J]中国翻译 2004 P20
语法翻译法篇7
随着我国对外开放的进一步加深、经济的飞速发展和国际影响力的逐步加大，外国游客纷至沓来。然而由于旅游业有其独特点，旅游翻译并非易事。众所周知，旅游过程包含吃、住、行、游、购、娱六大方面，相应的旅游英语翻译涉及面较为广泛，既包括自然风光、地理知识、日常生活内容，还涉及整个文化层面，它以物质、行为、制度及精神四大层面的中国传统文化为主，包含中国古代思想、宗教、建筑、饮食等具体方面， 因为中国文化有着悠久而博大的精神内涵，相应的，正确的旅游翻译的难度也是较高的。因此译者既要了解自然知识，更要对中国文化理解透彻。翻译旅游资料时，要考虑到原文作者、译者、译文读者都是以跨文化交际为主的，大家都是以更好地传递和理解所传文化为目的的，因此译者要为了让读者轻松、大量地得到所需译文的信息，译者须以译文为主，侧重于读者的方向为准则，找到适合的翻译方法，促进游客对译文的理解，最终实现旅游资料的宣传功效。
一、中西文化差异
各国文化的差异是客观存在的，对于一些旅游英语翻译的人员来说，必须充分了解外国的地理文化背景，并与本国的文化相结合，找出一个切合点。因此译者要保持谨慎的心态，具有较高的文化敏感性。
（一）历史文化差异
历史文化指的是由特定的历史发展进程和社会遗产的沉淀所形成的。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故。历史典故是民族历史文化中的瑰宝，它富有浓厚的民族色彩和鲜明的文化个性，蕴含着丰富的历史文化信息。对导游和译员来说，只有对历史典故深刻理解和认识，才能给游客准确地表述出来，让游客真正体验文本文由http://收集整理化和历史的深邃。
（二）社会文化差异
由于地理位置和种族历史的不同，中国和西方国家在社会文化上有着极大的不同。在审美情趣上，中国人崇尚含蓄美，强调心境意绪的传达，喜欢借景抒情、遗形写神，主观色彩浓厚。西方人则强调分析型抽象理性思维，在主观与客观的物象关系上更多强调的是摹仿和再现。这一点尤其表现在绘画艺术和诗歌上。由于社会文化的不同，同一事物给中国人和西方人呈现的信息也就不同。比如说龙，中国人认其为吉祥威武神圣的化身，而西方人则认定其为邪恶歹毒的形象。
（三）宗教文化差异
宗教文化是人类文化的一个重要组成部分，它指的是由民族的宗教信仰意识等所形成的文化，表现在不同民族在崇尚禁忌等方面的文化差异。 中国人主要信仰佛教和道教，因此中国宗教文化中便有佛祖、观音菩萨、玉皇大帝、阎王等众所周知的形象。西方人大多信仰基督教，认为世界是上帝创造的，世上的一切都是按上帝的旨意安排的。因此，外国游客来到中国肯定会参观佛教寺庙，他们会感到好奇，为什么所有寺庙里都有金刚，为什么到所有佛堂里都要进香。
二、旅游翻译方法
由于中西文化的差异，在语言和信息的传递上必定会存在一定的障碍，因此在翻译旅游资料时，并不能总是直接翻译出来，而是要进行适当的增减和改变，以此来保留原文的文化含义和让外国读者更好地理解。
（一）音译法
许多译者在进行翻译时，似乎总是在迎合外国人的文化习惯和审美情趣，汉文化中的专有名词在译成外语的过程中，总不太情愿取音译这种策略。其实，在特定情况下，音译是对特定文化的保留和尊重。而且在实际情况中，也有许多音译词汇进入英语词汇后被接受。比如：龙被翻译成long，豆腐被翻译成tofu，还有工夫被翻译成kongfu。因为有些词语具有强烈的中国地域和社会文化色彩，其词语难以甚至不可能在英语中找到相对应的词，这时采用音译法就不失为良策。
（二）增译法
由于旅游资料的独有特点，有时需要在忠于原文内容的基础上加以适当的增添。在这里，增译法是指在翻译的时候，为了使翻译更容易被外国游客了解，适当增加
一些相关的背景知识或者信息。例如：
路的左边有一巨石，石上原有苏东坡手书“云外流春”四个大字。
to its left is another rock formerly engraved with four big chinese characters yun wai liu chun （beyond clouds flows spring） written by su dongpo （1037-1101） ， the most versatile poet of northern song dynasty （960-1127）.
与汉语文本相比较，上述翻译就使用了增译法。增加了有关信息，其中包括著名诗人苏东坡的有关信息，而且还对“云外流春”的含义进行了解释。
在旅游英语翻译中，增译法运用得较为广泛，尤其是中国的风景名胜蕴涵着许多民族传统文化的东西，这在中国可能人人皆知，但对外国游客来说，却并非如此，如果直接加以翻译，游客可能不知所云。
（三）减译法
有时在翻译旅游资料中删减是十分必要的，因为大多数外国游客阅读这些资料都是为了了解中国的风土人情，增加一些旅游兴趣。 而中国人在写事状物时喜欢引经据典，摘录名人名言或古诗加以验证，中国读者读了会加深印象且从中得到艺术享受与美感，而在外国旅游者看来似乎是画蛇添足。譬如“观光层高达263 米，是鸟瞰全市景色的最佳处所，当风和日丽时，举目远望，佘山金山崇明岛隐隐可见，真有登泰山而小天下之感”，其译文为： the observation deck， 263meters high， is the best place to get a bird's- eye- view of the city. on a sunny day， the deck commands an indistinct view of mount sheshan， mount jishan and thechongming island far far away. standing on the deck， one gets the feeling that the world is belittled。 以上的这段译文中删除了引自《论语》中的一句话“登泰山而小天下”， 原文中引用这句话无非是形容电视塔之高，如果要将它译出会使外国游客感觉莫名其妙，所还不如删除为好。
又比如：“龙舟赛演历史于古今，生传说于纷纭，珠联爱国情操、悲壮色彩，壁合神秘气氛、拼搏精神，动如摧枯拉朽、轰轰烈烈，势若排山倒海，可歌可泣。此唯舟竞渡，无有出其左右者。”the dragon boat race， a most exciting group event， is held in memory of quyuan， a patriotic statesman and poet in ancient china. 原文句式整齐，辞藻华丽，但由于太过难懂，超出西方读者理解能力范围，所以减译能最大限度地表达原文文化意义。
语法翻译法篇8
【关键词】无主句 翻译 主语 英译技巧
一、引言
英汉两种语言在结构上存在着较大差异，英语是突出主语的语言，重形合；汉语是突出主题的语言，重意合。因此在组句子时，英语首先要确定主语，因为主语是谓语讨论、描写和叙述的对象。除了祈使句和某些惯用语里的主语可以省略，英语句子一般不能缺少主语。汉语句子组织起来没有那么读的限制，有时不需要汉语主语。因此在英译汉时确定主语是译入语灵活的关键。
二、翻译技巧
1.增补主语。汉语经常省略第一人称，在做汉语句子无主语英译时，可以适当的增补主语，例如we， they， you， things等。
例1.坚持扩大内需的方针，实施科教兴国和可持续发展战略。
译文：We should stick to the principle of stimulating domestic demand and implement the strategy of national rejuvenation through science and education and the strategy of sustainable.
例2.不到长城非好汉。
He who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.
例1和例2在汉译英时，分别通过增加主语we和he来满足英语结构的需要，符合英语表达习惯。
2.使用 “there be” 结构。汉语里，时间、地点短语可以放在句首充当话题，句中会出现“有、出现、发生”等表存在或出现意义的状态动词，在译成英语时可以使用“there be” 句型。
例3.除了枪声，再没有其他声音。
译文：There was no sound but that of the gunfire.
例4.山谷中流淌着一条小河。
译文：There lies a river in the valley.
例3和例4都含有存在的概念，类似这类句子都可以使用 “there be”句型进行英译。
3.增补形式主语“it”。汉译英时，增补主语 “it” 主要包括以下四种情形。
（1）汉语在描述气候、天气、温度或时间、地点、距离时常使用无主句。
例5.要下雨了。
译文：It is going to rain。
（2）汉语表达观点、态度、要求时也经常使用无主语。
例6.活到老，学到老。
译文：It’s never too old to learn.
（3）句中有据报道、有人认为、由此可见等词语的句子时，常用it +is/was +V-ed that......句型。
例7.据悉他今天不来了。
译文：It is said that he can’t be here today.
（4）翻译汉语强调结构“是+被强调的部分”，可以增补it作主语，即“ it+is/was+被强调的部分+that/who 从句”句型。
例8.重要的不是谁统治我们。而是看他怎样统治。
译文：It is not who rules us that is important， but how he rules us.
4.重新确定主语。英语中名词占优势，汉语动词占优势.
（1）英语常用抽象名词或名物化结构做主语。因此在汉译英时，通过词类转换将动词转换成抽象名词或名词化结构，并将其置于主语位置。
例9.一看到这条河，我便想起了故乡。
译文：The sight of the river reminds me of my hometown.
（2）转换施事主语。汉语句子习惯用人或者有生命的名词做主语，而英语更多使用抽象的名词成分做主语，在英译汉时，注意人称主语与物称主语的互换。
例10.记忆中的一个小小片段跃上心头。
译文：A tiny fragment of a memory leapt into her mind.
（3）时间或所处名词做主语。时间或所处名词做主语在英语里较常见，在汉译英时可以考虑时间和处所名词做主语。
a.时间词做主语：英语中经常会有一些没有意志力的时间名词和表意动能力的动词（如find， see， witness等）组合且做主语。
例11. 20世纪发生了巨大变化。
译文：The 20th century brought dramatic changes.
b. 处所词做主语
例12. 这间卧室可以睡三个人。
This bedroom can sleep three people.
5.翻译成被动语态。在不能说出实施者或者不需要说出实施者时，汉语可以使用无主句来保持句子的主动语态。而英语强调句子结构的完整性，不能缺少主语，但可以采用被动语态，将句子的施事者隐藏起来。
例13.没有爱心就无法了解人生。
译文：Life can not be understood without much charity.
三、结语
除了以上汉语无主句的翻译方法外，还有译为倒装句和祈使句等无主句的翻译方法。但无论选用哪种方法，都要考虑英语的表达习惯和句子结构。同时，在处理汉语无主句的翻译时，要灵活调用目的语提供的多样的表达方式。
参考文献：
[1]何其莘，仲伟合，许钧.英汉比较与翻译.2012.
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