红色征文范文

时间:2023-09-19 20:57:45

红色征文篇1

    [关键词]红色文化 红色精神 内涵 特征

    文/管仕廷

    “红色文化”是中国共产党领导中国人民在长期的革命和建设实践中积淀、创造、整合形成起来的一种特定的文化类型。它蛰伏于近代,形成于“五四”以后,成熟和发展于新民主主义革命和社会主义建设时期,在改革开放新时期不断被赋予新的内容。红色文化在形式与内容上有着特定的物质载体与丰富的精神内涵。红色文化是物质文化和精神文化的有机统一体:物质文化一般包括革命战争遗址、纪念地等实物;精神文化即新民主主义革命时期形成的政治制度(如革命理论、纲领、路线、方针、政策)、政治信仰、政治作风、政治道德、革命精神、革命传统等。物质文化是红色文化的载体,精神文化是红色文化的核心与灵魂。红色文化是中国共产党人继承民族优秀传统文化和汲取人类先进文化的文明成果,是中华民族共有精神家园的文化支撑。

    红色文化反映中国新民主主义革命时期和社会主义建设时期的文化形态和价值体系,体现了中国共产党人丰富的精神内涵和文化追求。红色文化是具有民族性、科学性、大众性的文化;红色文化是以马克思主义为指导的先进文化,体现着马克思主义的主旨、精神与要义;红色文化也是一种具有中国特色的政治文化,内涵着党的政治意识形态;红色文化是与时俱进的开放性的文化;红色文化与中国特色社会主义文化、社会主义核心价值体系、中华民族精神有着天然的内在关联。

    一、红色文化的内涵

    一提到红色文化,人们就会联想到革命、战争、流血、牺牲、解放等概念,认为红色文化就是与这些概念相联系的文化,它首先是一种革命文化,革命是红色文化的主题与主要内容,这是红色文化带给人们的第一印象与初步认知,也是人们对红色文化最直观的理解。其实,红色文化以“红色”为主题、为核心,在内涵上有广义与狭义之区分。在狭义上,红色文化是指在新民主主义革命中产生、形成,在中国革命的红土地上孕育出来的一种独特的文化类型,也包括社会主义建设初期反映党领导人民群众艰苦创业、建设国家、创造美好生活、发展社会主义各项事业的文化思想与价值体系,它是由中国共产党人、先进分子和人民群众共同创造的具有中国特色的先进文化。可以说,新民主主义文化是我国红色文化的主流、源泉。而在更广义的范畴里,中国特色社会主义先进文化是红色文化的传承、丰富与发展,中国特色社会主义文化中有些特定的内容如关于理想、信仰、道德追求、奋斗目标、奉献精神以及社会主义核心价值体系的核心内容等都属于红色文化的范畴。

    (一)红色文化的物质形态及表现

    红色文化的物质形态是指红色文化的外在表现形式,即必须要有一定的载体,它是革命理论、革命精神、革命传统等精神遗产的物质载体。红色文化在形式上是具有一定物质形态(或载体)的文化,这种形态具有一定的外在表现,如表现革命内容、革命思想、革命过程的文化作品,包括小说、文章、诗歌、戏剧、标语、歌曲、出版物和革命文献;也包括革命遗迹、纪念地、标志性物件等,如战场纪念地,革命会议遗址、领袖的故居、旧居等纪念馆,革命前辈用过的物品或穿过的遗物等(也包括建国后社会主义建设初期的重要遗址、纪念地、物品等)。这些物质载体承载着红色文化的丰富的思想内涵,人们一接触到这些东西就会联想到红色的、革命的主题、历史、事件及革命思想、意识与观念。

    (二)红色文化的精神形态及内涵

    红色文化的内容即红色文化的精神形态,指的是红色文化的内在构成要素,包括理想、信仰、思想、道德规范、价值观念体系和科学文化知识。中国共产党成立90年来,红色文化的精神在早期等同于革命精神,其后内涵在不断丰富拓展。红色精神大致分三个历史时期:在1949年之前是名副其实的革命精神,如井冈山精神、长征精神、延安精神、抗日精神、西柏坡精神等;1949年之后转向社会主义建设,红色文化精神的内涵已超越了革命主题,出现了“建设精神”或“创业精神”,如“两弹一星”精神、铁人精神、北大荒精神、雷锋精神;1978年之后进入改革开放,又出现了改革创新精神、开放精神、抗洪精神、抗震救灾精神等。红色文化蕴涵着中国共产党人的政治理想、爱国情怀、思想观念和道德追求,彰显了中国共产党人的崇高精神和优良传统,是中华民族宝贵的精神财富,是新形势下加强共产党员先进性教育和人民群众理想信念教育的优秀资源。在当今多元文化的和谐共生中,“红色文化”愈发凸显其作为主流价值的突出地位,成为中华民族发展强大的持续精神动力和软实力,并承担着引领大众文化健康发展的责任与使命。也有人将“红色文化”概括为革命年代中的“人、物、事、魂”:其中的“人”是在革命时期对革命有着一定影响的革命志士和为革命事业而牺牲的革命烈士;“物”是革命志士或烈士所用之物,也包括他们生活或战斗过的革命旧址和遗址;“事”是有着重大影响的革命活动或历史事件;“魂”则体现为革命精神。随着社会的发展、时代的变化,红色精神的内涵愈益丰富,如体现红色文化内涵的“红歌”在今天已不仅仅局限于革命历史题材的歌曲,只要是积极向上的、弘扬真善美的、体现我们优秀民族传统文化和民族精神的歌曲都是“红歌”,这表明人们对红色文化的精神内涵已有了新的诠释。

    二、红色文化的主要特征

    (一)红色文化是具有民族性、科学性、大众性的文化

    红色文化是革命的文化,是反帝反封建、实现中华民族独立和解放的革命文化,是推动社会主义现代化建设、艰苦奋斗、实现中华民族伟大复兴的价值体系,是在汲取中华民族精神、弘扬民族优秀传统文化的基础上创造的新文化体系,因此,中华民族的优秀传统文化与几千年传承下来的民族精神是红色文化的天然成分、养料和重要构成。红色文化是一种具有中华民族特性的文化,民族性是红色文化的重要特征之一。科学性即它是反对一切封建迷信思想,坚持了唯物史观与辩证法,坚持实事求是的科学精神,坚守客观真理的科学品格,坚持理论与实践相结合,科学正确地揭示和反映了人类社会文明发展的内在本质及其文化发展的客观规律。因此,红色文化又是一种科学的文化。红色文化坚持为最广大人民服务,具有鲜明的人民性。红色文化不是为少数人垄断的精神产品,而是来自于人民、服务于人民,由人民中的先进分子创造的思想文化,是一种大众性的文化。它着眼培育有崇高理想、坚定信念和道德追求的时代新人,不断满足人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求,促进人的全面发展。红色文化既是主流文化,也是大众文化。红色文化始终反映了人民大众的意志和愿望,代表着人民群众的根本利益与要求,服务于人民大众,满足着人民大众日益增长的精神文化生活的需要,发挥着不断提高广大人民群众的科学文化素质和思想道德素养的作用与功能。

    (二)红色文化是以马克思主义为指导的先进文化,体现着马克思主义的主旨、精神与要义

    “红色文化”是在新民主主义革命时期,在中国共产党的领导下,由中国共产党人、一切先进分子和人民群众共同创造的、具有中国特色的先进文化。先进思想文化顺应历史潮流,反映时代精神,代表国家和民族的发展方向,体现人民群众的根本利益。马克思主义是人类历史上迄今最先进、最科学的思想体系,是社会主义思想文化的核心和灵魂,指引着先进文化的前进方向。它揭示了人类社会发展的普遍规律,为人民大众提供了新的世界观、新的理想、新的道德和新的精神。红色文化极大影响着中国特色社会主义文化的发展。当代中国的社会主义思想文化,反映马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化的最新成果,高扬爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义的思想精神,为全社会提供着统一的指导思想、共同的理想信念和强大的精神支柱,展现出蓬勃的生命力。红色文化与一定的政治、经济相适应,就是因为它适应了中国社会发展阶段的生产力,推动经济社会不断向前发展。红色文化始终代表了先进生产力的发展要求和先进文化的前进方向,代表了最广大人民的根本利益,体现着马克思主义的主旨、精神与要义。中国特色社会主义文化是当代中国的先进文化,而这个文化的核心与灵魂则是体现马克思主义主旨精神的社会主义核心价值体系,它是占主导地位的主流文化与意识形态。红色文化是中国特色社会主义文化的思想源泉和优秀资源,为后者输送土壤、空气与精神养分,决定并引领着中国特色社会主义文化的发展方向。

    (三)红色文化是一种具有中国特色的政治文化,内涵着党的政治意识形态

    “红色文化”作为一种新的革命意识形态,是中国共产党领导的群众性革命文化运动的产物,是一种具有中国特色的政治文化,内涵着党的政治意识形态。红色文化是引领中国人民沿着社会主义发展规律前进的意识形态,是共产党人根本宗旨和核心价值观的科学表达,红色文化因此而成为中国社会进步、变革创新、文明发展的内在灵魂、精神支柱和不竭动力。“一定的文化(当作观念形态的文化)是一定社会的政治和经济的反映,又给予伟大影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济。”“革命文化,对于人民大众,是革命的有力武器。革命文化,在革命前,是革命的思想准备;在革命中,是革命总战线中的一条必要和重要的战线。而革命的文化工作者,就是这个文化战线上的各级指挥员。‘没有革命的理论,就不会有革命的运动’,可见革命的文化运动对于革命的实践运动具有何等的重要性。”这是毛泽东同志对革命文化(红色文化)的政治意识形态特性的论述。红色文化服务于无产阶级的政治路线和政治斗争,服务于共产党的政治纲领,内涵并体现着我们党的意识形态。红色文化属于无产阶级的文化,是为人民大众服务并为之享用的文化,体现着共产党为人民服务的核心与宗旨,是我们党在革命与建设的各个时期马克思主义政治思想的文化表达,是共产党人世界观的文化宣示。红色文化又是红色政治,是我们党的主流意识形态。红色文化蕴涵了中国共产党人的政治哲学、历史意识、政治追求和道德取向,彰显并表达着中国共产党人的世界观与价值体系。红色文化的广泛传播,可以凝聚时代人心、彰显时代精神、锤炼民族性格、锻造民族风骨、提升民族品格,红色文化具有塑造新人、涵养人心、促进民族自新的价值与功能。

    (四)红色文化是与时俱进的开放性的文化

红色征文篇2

本文首先对《红色英勇勋章》中的颜色和动物意象进行分类,然后尝试通过颜色及动物意象的象征意义分析,来展现小说的自然主义特色,阐释克莱恩对战争、人性及人的生存状况的认识,从而说明该小说真正表现的是战争的残忍性,破坏性及无意义性,同时也说明了人在战争环境中的动物性和被动命运。克莱恩正是运用了象征主义的写作手法使得该小说成为美国历史上一部划时代的杰作。

关键词:颜色意象;动物意象;象征意义;自然主义

ABSTRACT

This paper will first classify the color images and animal images in The Red Badge of Courage, then attempts to analyze the symbolic meaning of these color images and animal images so as to express the feature of naturalism, reveal Crane’s conception toward war, human nature and existent condition. Thus a conclusion can be reached that The Red Badge of Courage represents the brutality, destructiveness,and meaninglessness of war, as well as human’s animal instinctive behavior driven by war. It is the use of technique of symbolism that contributes The Red Badge of Courage to be an epoch-making masterpiece in American history.

 

Keywords:color images; animal images; symbolism; naturalism

Contents

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1

2.Symbolism-A LiteraryTechnique…………………………………………………... 3

2.1Concept of the Term"Symbolism"……………………………………………………3

2.2The Red Badge of Courage--a Symbolic Novel…………………………………...…4

3. Typical Symbols in The Red Badge of Courage ………………………….………..5

3.1 Color Images……………………………………………………………….………...5

3.1.1The Red Image……………………………………………………………………...5

3.1.2The Black Image……………………………………………………………………6

3.1.3The Blue Image…………………………………………………………………….7

3.1.4The Yellow Image………………………………………………………………….7

3.2 Animal Images…………………………………………………………………….....8

3.2.1The Classification of Animal Images……………………………………………………………8

3.2.2The Symbolic Meaning of Animal Images……………………………………………………...9

4.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...12

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………14

References……………………………………………………………………………..15

1.Introduction

Stephen Crane is one of the most important novelists in the late 19th century, and he is also a poet, short-story writer, journalist, war correspondent, and called the forerunner of American naturalism, A writer of indisputable genius,Crane died prematurely,but he made great contribution to American literature. Crane left a wealth of work,which w as excellent in itself and had a great impact on the work of other writers. His productions mainly included several novels: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Red Badge of Courage which were the most noted two; two poetry anthologies, The Black Riders and War Is Kind; and a large number of short stories, sketches and news reports, among which the most famous ones were The Open Boat, The Blue Hotel, and The Monster.

  Crane burst into fame with his masterpiece The Red Badge of Courage (1895) at the age of twenty-four. Unique in style and content, the novel explores the emotions of a young Civil War recruit named Henry Fleming. What is most remarkable about this classic is that the twenty-four-year-old author had never witnessed war in his life before writing this book. Crane's story developed to some degree out of his reading of war stories by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy and the popular memoirs of Civil War veterans, yet he also deviated from these influences in his depiction of war's horror. On its publication, readers on both sides of the Atlantic applauded, praising that The Red Badge of Courage ranks among the foremost literary achievements of the era. It was greeted by what H.G. Wells termed an “orgy of praise”. Roughly speaking, it is considered by many literary critics to be one of the greatest of all American novels. George Wyndham, writing in the New Review, stated, "Mr. Crane has surely contrived a masterpiece."3.

   The plot of the novel is deceptively simple, consisting of a series of episodes during two days when a young Civil War recruit Henry Fleming fights his first battle--episodes ranging from tedium to terror, after which he has changed forever, and from flight to courage. Henry Fleming is an ordinary and inexperienced soldier. He begins with the state of mind of the recruit who is anxious to get into battle so that he may show his patriotism and prove himself a hero. He tries to keep up his spirits during the delay that precedes his suddenly being thrust into the slaughter. Then he is overwhelmed by unthinking fear and runs from the battle. He is ashamed when he joins the wounded, for he has not earned the “red badge of courage”. And he becomes outraged when he witnesses the horrid death of his terribly maimed friend, Jim Conklin. Later, by chance, he gets a minor head wound in a confused struggle with one of the retreating infantrymen of his own army. The next day, when his pretension is accepted that the wound is the result of enemy gunfire, he begins to struggle frantically, and then automatically seizes the regiment’s colors in the charge that reestablishes its reputation. He moves through this sultry nightmare with unconscious heroism, and emerges steady, quiet, and finally becomes truly courageous.

Since it publication, there is a variety of criticism. Traditionally,The Red Badge of Courage was simply and roughly labeled as a realistic or naturalistic work. However,since1950,some scholars began to regard it as a symbolic work. Many articles have been written to analyze the novel from symbolic approaches. In most cases,symbolism is considered to be a technique used by Crane to convey its religious theme. But actually,Crane primarily uses symbolism to express his naturalistic thoughts more effectively, which remains an issue worth furthering study.

As the various colors and animal images are the most striking characteristic of the novel, this thesis aims to make a detailed analysis of the symbolism of the color and animal in The Red Badge of Courage, so as to show that symbolism used by Crane is to better convey his naturalistic ideas as well as to achieve a better understanding and appreciation of the work. Before analyzing symbolism in the work in detail,it is necessary to make a survey of symbolism,one of the literary techniques.

2. Symbolism----A Literary Technique

2.1 The Concept of the Term “Symbolism”

Symbolism in literature appeared in mid 19th century in France, which can be defined as the applied use of symbols. Symbols are things that have a much deeper meaning than what it appears to be. Symbol in literature mainly points at a kind of expressed pattern in literary works,it adopts the metaphor and hint of specific imagination and creation to come into being objective meaning beyond image itself.  In the study of the explanation of literary symbol, Nan Fan,in his article The Symbolic Pattern of the Novel stated,“Symbol is a k ind of representation or implication of certain notion,idea or emotion by some particular concrete images.[3]1 That is to say,in the literature field,symbols are generally material objects or concrete images,for example,animals,plants,colors,natural phenomena,sounds,gestures,actions and so on,created by the writer to suggest something immaterial or abstract,a concept,a notion or emotion. However, the relations between symbols and meanings that the writer try to convey is explicit and abstract, it needs to find or invent certain technique to break the barrier. Symbolism is such a technique to solve this problem, as symbolism is the use of an item that causes the reader to think about what it stands for. The meaning it holds depends on the individual, it could mean different things to different people. The purpose of symbolists is to express the highly complex feelings that grew out during the contact with the world. That is to say, "symbolism" may refer to a way of choosing representative symbols in line with abstract rather than literal properties, allowing for the broader interpretation of a carried meaning than mere literal concept-representations allow. Symbolism,in literature world has been widely used both in ancient and modern times. In American literature,writers frequently use symbolism. For example,Nathaniel Hawthorne  Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe are all masters of symbolism. Although we can not make a research on how much Crane was influenced by these writers, we can not deny that living in a country that enjoys the literary tradition of wide use of symbolism,Crane is likely to follow this tradition.

2.2 The Red Badge of Courage --- a Symbolic Novel

For the most part of his masterpiece The Red Badge of Courage, Crane disregards plot and character delineation. Although it is a war novel, about a civil war, it is far beyond being a war novel. Crane never mentions the cause,the reason and the strategies of the war. Therefore,Wilson F. Engel’s statement is significantly right,“The Political,economic,and social dimensions of The Red Badge of Courage are almost non-- existent;”and instead,“Philosophic ideas emerge from The Red Badge of Courage.”[4]31.Crane intends the novel to embody his philosophic ideas,thus achieving a universal meaning. However, he does not present his philosophy direct, he accomplishes this by the use of technique of symbolism. In the novel,Crane creates a large number of symbolic images, among which the color images and the animal images are most striking. In order to have a better understanding of such images which contain particular meanings, it is necessary to know the author’s philosophic ideas.

Crane is a naturalist. One critic who places Crane in the Naturalistic school is Charles Child Walcutt. In his book American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream, Walcutt remarked that Crane "makes us see Henry Fleming as an emotional puppet controlled by whatever sight he sees at the moment." 109. In The Red Badge of Courage,Crane expresses these naturalistic conceptions vividly through symbols.

3. Typical Symbols in The Red Badge of Courage

 Crane employs images abundantly in this novel, most of which reveal Henry’s fear, uncertainty, innocence, and growth as the novel progresses. Image patterns change according to his psychological state. The important images involved in this paper are mainly color images, and animal images, since they appear considerably frequently and reflect the hero’s limited and confused sensations.

3.1Color Images

Crane is painterly concerned with colors, which is influenced by artists, with whom Crane lived in New York in 1893 and 1894. He uses color imagery, both vibrant and subtle, to describe war. His sense of color pervades the work to achieve visual effect. Therefore, when reading the novel The Red Badge of Courage, the readers must have the quick eye for color which is shown on every page, for the color implies not only the surface meaning but the inner significance of its relation to the events and emotions under hand. Roughly speaking, the color images can be divided into four sections: red, black, blue and yellow.

3.1.1The Red Image

The color red reoccurs in the novel, Crane is almost obsessed with red,using this color sixty times. In broad sense it includes red, crimson, lurid, orange, gold, pink and purple. The symbolic meaning of red can be analyzed in three aspects. In the first place, it represents blood, fire and horror. As we all know, red is the color of blood , so the war is depicted as“the red animal”or“the blood-swollen god” several times. Red is also associated with the color of gun powder, Crane frequently employs red, crimson, orange ,brown, pink, lurid to describe fire and flame, for example“great brown clouds”,“pink glare”, “beams of crimson”, “large flashes of orange-colored flame”, “lurid lines, exploded in crimson fury”. In addition, red is referred to the explosive bomb and fierce attack, such as “crimson roar” ,“red cheers”, “a crimson and steel assault”. All these colors add the vividness of bloody battlefield as well as the increasing panic brought by the war. Secondly, Crane employs color red to suggest Henry’s emotions, in particular about his rage and humiliation. When an officer called Henry’s regiment“mule drivers”, he felt shamed, as Crane writes“he had pictured red letters of curious revenge”. At the end of the novel, facing friends caring about the war, “the youth’s reply was an outburst of crimson oaths”.In fact, this reveals the shattering of Henry’s naïve dream of hero and the condemnation of his escaping from the war. Thirdly, the color red is used to show courage, valor and honor. In Henry’s mind,it stands for the wounds received in the war. For instance, when Henry escaped from the battle, and hided in the wounded soldiers, he was quite envious of the wounded,“He wished that he, too, had a wound, a red badge of courage”.Once Henry saw a troop process on, he admired them, imaging himself equipped with weapons and sacrificing on the battlefield. The sight of procession, “made him soar on the red wings of war”. Here the color red suggests honor. When Henry’s nature of animal was stimulated by the cruel war, he was determined to struggle in the war. At that time, Henry had a special feeling toward the flag of army ,“It was a woman, red and white, hating and loving, that called him with the voice of his hopes”.The flag here symbolizes courage and purity, hatred and love, it activated Henry’s valor .At last, Henry recalled his performance in the battlefield, “Those performances...marched in wide purple and gold,...He spent delightful minutes reviewing the gilded images of memory”.Here the color purple and gilded represent glory and lofty. The youth conquered the sense of panic and felt excited and proud.

3.1.2The Black Image

Black is certainly a symbol of death and confusion. As black traditionally implies the“great unknown”, darkness,loneliness,morbidity, etc. Crane always associates it with death,especially during war when people are dying with no one to comfort them and lend a helping hand. For example, during a fight with enemy, a soldier uttered “a black procession of curious oaths”, the soldier’s unconscious oaths and prays expose their instinctive fear of death. Meanwhile, shortly after Henry realized the sickness of war he stood alone outside of the camp. He remained ‘a few paces in the gloom’, a‘mental outcast’. He was‘alone in space’in a‘mood of darkness’[7]4. Crane also uses the color black to represent anger. Henry could hear the guns of the enemy and he imagined them to be“shaking in black rage trying to kill everyone in their path”. With the war going on and the increasing casualty, the soldiers’ fear of enemy and war turned into rage. Such as the description of the face of Henry, “black with rage”,“dark with vexation and wrath”. Here the “black with rage” is the innate reaction of “black of depression”, as in face of death, people tend to become frantic like beasts and to struggle. What’s more, Crane uses the color black to demonstrate confusion and mystery as if one is walking into a pitch -- black room, trying to find the light switch. Black gave Henry a sense of uneasiness when he was in an area not known to him,separated from his regiment. During his search, Henry confronted“ black and monstrous figure,”and mistook it for an enemy soldier,but it was only a soldier of his own reg iment. Thus black is a very mysterious color.

3.1.3The Blue Image

Blue,for Crane,is somewhat a passive color. Blue implies being sad or depressed, carrying connotations of monotony and mindlessness. “Blue,in‘its highest purity,is,as it were,a stimulating negation”45. “Blue” here does not stand for the men’s uniform or Henry’s melancholy and deep thought; it is that of a blue sky, of optimism and tranquility. And Henry felt the peacefulness of nature.

3.1.4The Yellow Image

Yellow, in Goethe’s view, often produces a warm and agreeable sensation unless contaminated by other colors, which then provokes negative feelings of revulsion and impending calamity. For example, “In the eastern sky there was a yellow patch like a rug laid for the feet of the coming sun.”57. Soon after Henry experienced a“yellow discontent” when he realized the gravity of the war and felt a “yellow confusion” at the sight of combat. When Henry run away from battle and found himself in the midst of a“yellow fog,” he was disgusted with himself for his cowardice. Yellow can also mean oncoming death. Guns left ”a dull yellow hue” when fired,showing that death is about to take place.

Through out the novel,Crane uses the colors of red,black,gray,yellow,green,blue and so on mainly to symbolically represent the young soldier’s emotional state and to transmit experience directly to the reader so as to make a more vivid picture of the war. Just as Thomas Daniel maintains that Crane’s attempt in The Red Badge of Courage is to “make every page blaze with color, in order to affect the mind through the eye. It is all very interesting. Every page is painted, perhaps I should say saturated, with this intensity of color.” [11]6.

3.2Animal Images

3.2.1The Classification of Animal Images

In The Red Badge of Courage,besides the striking color imagery,animal images are also applied abundantly. As we all know, animals have the tendency to behave instinctively, without reasoning, and they also have the nature of brutality. “However unaware Crane have been of the abundance and  patterning of this imagery,the consistence with which it is used often furthers his characterization and presentation of ideas, and constitutes a significant method of communicating   meaning.”[10]345.Therefore, the employment of numerous animal images in novel demonstrates the brutality destructiveness,and meaninglessness of war, suggesting that in the battlefield soldiers sometimes lose their senses and human character, behaving instinctively in the lowly an animal-like state. In the novel, except for the m etaphors about the animal acts, Crane uses at least 80 animal imageries or figures [12]63. They appeared sometimes in the plot, or in dialogues, or in the hero’s mental world. In the novel, the animal imageries can be grossly classified into the following four groups: domestic fowls and animals; beasts; imagined animals; indescribable animal figures. Among them, the first group appeared far more times, except for quite few instances, they were used to describe human beings instead of objects, soldiers instead of officers. Beast images were used to depict objects and human beings. The imagined animal images and those indescribable animal figures were mainly used for the groups in the war.

3.2.2The Symbolic Meaning of Animal Images

The symbolic meaning of these animal images can be analyzed from different aspects. Firstly, Crane uses animal images to compare to war and expose the brutality of war. In the novel, “the red animal” “monster” “dragons” etc are used several times to indicate the nature of war evils and horrors. For instance, ”the red animal”, ”the blood-swollen god” is obviously to suggest that war,like the bloody and brutal animal,would devour men. This image is supported through the novel by similes and metaphors, which compares war to a monster,serpent or dragon for more than twenty times,for example, on the march at night Henry perceived the enemy campfire as“the red eyes…of a row of dragons”; when Henry returned to his tent in the darkness,“he admitted that he would not be able to cope with this monster.” The regiment looked like “one of those moving monsters,or“ crawling reptiles.” Therefore it fully showed Henry and other soldiers were always struggling under the terror of war. In Henry’s eyes, the troops were also like “dragon, monster, reptile, serpent, snake”. All these similes and metaphors demonstrate that Crane makes no effort to characterize war as noble, death as glorious, or soldiers as particularly brave or admirable. Instead, he puts emphasis on the destructiveness of war,and the war here in the novel is nothing but an animal that drinks human blood and eats their flesh. Thus Crane succeeds in conveying his conceptions of war and shows men are overwhelmed by the cruelty of war.

More importantly, Crane employs animal images to reveal the behavior and interior activity of soldiers, especially the interior life of a young man, Henry Fleming, who is in turn confused, terrified, humiliated and, ultimately, matured by his exposure to the pitched battle. Just as Guo Qiqing stated it, “the author uses these animal images to represent behavior and the psychology of the hero, Henry, in different stages of the war.”05 In the later chapters when Henry overcame his fear, Crane employs other animal images like wolf, leopard, dragon and snake, etc. standing for wild courage and fierceness of the soldiers,who were impelled by an unconscious drive towards glory. After Henry and his regiment had participated successfully in a battle,they were described by the lieutenant as having fought like “ hell一roosters” and “wild cats”. Henry plunged at the enemy flag like a “mad horse.” Henry noticed the enemy’s“vicious wolf-like temper.” Wilson,Henry’s friend,sprang“as a panther at prey”. In triumph the soldiers flied like“eagles.”At that time, for Henry and his comrades,the enemies were dragons,and it was a comfort for them to discover that the dragons did not always“sting with precision.” At the end of the story, the lieutenant, Henry, was a larger, less vulnerable fish—a “whale”. From above analysis, we know whether they are compared to a terrified animal or a fierce animal,after all they are nothing more than animals. The animal images demonstrate both the unconscious drive towards glory and the threat of death ,which are at the center of Henry’s mind,and his companion’s as well. All in all, these images of animals present a feeling that human beings at war can feel nothing but aimless fear and fury or excitement and madness, possessed by animal instincts, lacking the human senses.

According to above noted, now it is clear to the reader of the book that the use of animal images accompanies the whole process of Henry’s growth in the novel from a coward to a brave hero in the cruel war. Fear makes him a yellow domestic fowl or animal and aimless fury makes him a violent beast. In the war, whether it is a success or a failure, the soldiers involved in it don’t know for what they are fighting, and they just act to their instincts. When defeated, they are as yellow as chicks, and in success, they are crazy like beasts. In the novel, the war is described as “red animal” on some occasions, and red symbolizes blood. Therefore, the war here in the novel is nothing but an animal that drinks human blood and eats their flesh. This also expresses Crane’s naturalistic view.

In short,the employment of images is an important unifying device in The Red Badge of Courage and pervades the whole novel. Those disconnected images add vividness and attractiveness to the novel,and more importantly become components of psychological revelation of the protagonist Henry,and coalesce into the significant thematic suggestions. Every disconnected image has inter-relationship to the organic whole,describing Henry’s mental condition at a given moment,thus revealing his fear,uncertainty,innocence,and growth as the novel progresses and meanwhile representing the brutality,confusion,and meaninglessness of war.

5.Conclusion

From above analysis, we have a better understanding that in this novel the author not only captures the disorientation and chaos of the battlefield, but also explores Henry Fleming’s emotions in the two-day battle and his struggle with his inner demons. And though The Red Badge of Courage is a long tradition of war narratives, Crane distinguishes it from that tradition by the use of images, which contain highly symbolic meanings. Through the description of various images, Crane presents to the reader a vivid picture of war and its influence on a common soldier- Henry Fleming.

At present, most critics agree that it is Crane’s innovation(the use of symbolism) in writing to achieve the artistic effect. He creates a great variety of images, among which the most striking images are colors and animals. Crane seizes colors -- the people’s most sensitive element in their vision, and puts them into his literary creation. Through them, Crane shows colorful pictures of people and their feelings to the reader, and also provides abundant imaginative contents to the reader. Meanwhile Crane uses these animal images to represent the behavior and the psychology of the hero -- Henry in different stages of the war. In addition, some other images are also used in this novel, for example, machine images, nature images, barbarian images, sound images, and so on. All kinds of images flash by in the novel.

 Through the use of the technique of symbolism, Crane succeeds in conveying his naturalism -- a kind of pessimistic philosophy of the late nineteenth century American society and expressing his naturalistic conception. To him, both the color images and animal images fully represent the brutality,chaos and meaninglessness of war; and to show nature’s hostility and indifference to man; meanwhile to indicate man’s insignificance in the universe. Due to the symbolism, it helps Crane to express such great and important themes in so short a novel with vividness and attractiveness and makes The Red Badge of Courage an American literary classic work of highly artistic value. In fact, Crane,not only in The Red Badge of Courage,but also in his other works such as Maggie: A Girl of Streets,The Blue Hotel,and The Open Boat,employs symbolism pervasively, which is one of the most important literary techniques used by modernist writers. In1924 Jean Cazemajou even wrote: “Modern American literature may be said,accurately enough,to have begun with Stephen Crane” [14]121.Therefore, in addition to the expression of important themes through symbolism,Crane has also exerted a far-reaching influence on later writers such as Ernest Hemingway,John Dos Passos,and Jarnes T. Farrell.

All in all, just as Sydney Brooks once stated, “The Red Badge of Courage was read as a novel of spectacular descriptions—vivid scenes which would satisfy the embryonic society of the 1890’s desire for thrilling spectacle.”[15]145. Crane’s artistic achievement is so great that much of the im pact of the novel arises, then, from its powerful picture of war, the psychological portrait of a raw recruit, the images that leap off the page into the mind of the reader and its ironic language. It is no wonder that Sydney Brooks recognized this novel as a masterpiece by writing that “It would likely be one of the deathless books which must be read by everybody who desires to be, or to see, a connoisseur of modern fiction.” [15]145.No doubt, along with the development of study of Crane,his position in American literary field and even in the literary field of the world would be recognized by increasing people.

 

Acknowledgements

I would like to offer my greatest thanks to a number of people. Without whose help and support this thesis could not have reached its completion. Although, it is impossible to acknowledge everyone who assisted me,a few people deserve special gratitude.

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Xu Liangfeng, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me precious guidance in this study, and gave me his valuable advice and suggestion. I am impressed by his serious and strict attitude in academic research. Without his help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also grateful to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Professor Zhu Ming, Professor Yang Xue and many others.

Finally, I feel grateful to my family for their encouragement and understanding and support, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

. Donald Pizer, GK. Hall & Co. Boston, Massachusetts, 1990.

[2] Robert Shumal. Louisville Eccentric Observer[J]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1926.

[3] 南帆.《小说的象征模式》[J].北京: 时代文艺出版社,1988.

. Beirut: York Press, 1985.

.Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1972.

.Detroit: Gale Research Inc.,1989.

. Atlanta: Scott Foresman and ComPany,1970.

. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press,1972.

[9]Stephen Crane. The Red Badge of Courage [M] New York: Norton &Company, 1994.

[10] Thomas A. Gullason. Stephen Crane’s Career: Perspectives and Evaluations,

New York: New York University Press, 2004.

[11] Thomas Daniel .Young Modern American Fiction, For and Function [M]. Louisian

State: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

[12] 郭栖庆.斯蒂芬•克莱恩与《红色英勇勋章》[J].外国文学,1994年第2期.

[13] 陈向俊.评斯蒂芬•克莱恩《红色英勇勋章》中的象征主义[J].南京大学学报,2007年第4期.

[14] Jean Cazemajou. “Stephen Crane.” Seven Americans Stylists from Poe to Mailer: [M]. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.

红色征文篇3

作为新中国外交方针的重要决策者,作为新中国的政府总理兼外交部长,的外交才华得到了充分显示,为新中国的外交事业作出了举世公认的、无与伦比的贡献。

说:“在大的国际活动方面比我强,善于处理各种复杂矛盾。”

这一年51岁,外交部长一职他兼任了10年。以后,虽然他不再兼任外长,但他在中国对外关系中的地位是任何人也无法代替的。

1949年12月16日,经过10天的长途旅行,到达了他向往已久的莫斯科。在莫斯科北站举行的欢迎仪式隆重而简短。当天下午6时,斯大林及苏共全体政治局委员在他的小会客厅恭候一行。

会谈持续了两个多小时,双方海阔天空,无所不谈。快结束前,斯大林说:“你这次远道而来,不能空手回去,咱们要不要搞个什么东西?”事实上,从会谈一开始,斯大林就在揣摩此行的意图和愿望。

说:“恐怕是要经过双方协商搞个什么东西,这个!东西应该是既好看,又好吃。”

的幽默倒使在座的苏联人一个个目瞪口呆,包括斯大林。

不想做更多的解释。他对斯大林说:“我想叫总理来一趟。”

斯大林更摸不透的意图了,他反问道:“如果我们不能确定要完成什么事情,为什么还叫他来,他来干什么?”

在斯大林看来,两国最高领导人都在一块,应该什么都能定,想完成的都能完成。他们做不了的,谁也不可能代替他们做。

显然,斯大林不了解的心思。

在看来,的外交才能超群盖世,与外国人打交道的本能比他更在行,同时认为斯大林担任苏联部长会议主席,相当于总理,自己不是总理,也不是外交部长,对不上口径,如果要签订中苏友好条约,就只好请来莫斯科了。

见斯大林仍不明白自己的意思,不高兴地说:“到了,就可以商量这件事情了。”

在要不要请的问题上,两位历史巨人出现了分歧,双方都闷闷不乐。还对苏联专家总负责人柯瓦廖夫发了脾气,此后也很少参加活动……

外界造谣说,被斯大林软禁了。

斯大林忧心忡忡,派外长莫洛托夫、驻华大使罗申拜访。在了解了的真实意图后,才同意让赴莫斯科。

1950年1月2日晚,致电中共中央,说“斯大林同志已同意同志来莫斯科。”

终于使斯大林让步。

这样,赴苏便成了中苏关系能否向前发展的关键。

1月10日,率中华人民共和国政府代表团离开北京前往莫斯科。

20日,一行抵达莫斯科,并在欢迎仪式上发表演说。

22日,在作好充分准备后,、与斯大林举行会谈。刚开始不久,斯大林就在东北问题上放出试探气球:要中国承诺,除了苏联人以外,不许第三国公民进入东北,不许他们居留于中国东北和新疆地区。

问题提得突然,谈话有些冷场。

足智多谋的略微思考,随即反问道:“东北住有很多朝鲜民族的居民,他们算不算第三国居民?更不用说外来的蒙古人了。”

这一问使斯大林措手不及,陷入窘境,被问得哑口无言。他尝到了的厉害,赶紧解释说苏联的本意是禁止美、日、英等帝国主义国家的人进入东北活动。双方不愉快的气氛随即缓和。

至此,斯大林才明白,为什么非坚持把请来不可。

真正让斯大林叹服的还在后头。

在随后的又一次会谈中,奉之命提出建议:“关于蒙古人民共和国的独立地位问题,中国准备发表一次声明。”

斯大林一听,急忙阻止说:“蒙古问题不是早就解决了吗?并不存在问题,要发什么声明?再说,蒙古同志不在,我们谈蒙古问题干什么?我们有什么权利谈论人家的问题?”

其实,斯大林是有难言之隐,蒙古原来作为中国领土的一部分,是他通过雅尔塔会议硬要蒙古独立的。

为防止误会,解释说:“中国政府必须有个声明,中华人民共和国成立时,我们宣布旧中国的一切国际协定、条约一概不予承认,蒙古独立是经手办的,国内的民主人士提出来,既然签订的一切国际协定、条约都不予承认,那蒙古独立的问题,你们承认不承认,我们必须表明态度。”

听了这番话,斯大林才算放了心。他为有这样的助手羡慕不已。当他再次电话询问还有什么要求和愿望,双方还应该做些什么时,给他的答复是:“今天进城去了,正在克里姆林宫商谈嘛。”

经过双方的共同努力,2月14日,举世瞩目的《中苏友好同盟互助文秘站:条约》在克里姆林宫隆重签署。、斯大林先后致词。

当晚,和举行盛大招待会,斯大林破例率苏联领导人出席。充满激情的祝酒词,赢得了全场经久不息的掌声。

斯大林向敬酒后,举杯来到面前,用饱含尊敬的口气说:“同志,我祝你万事如意。”

2月17日,和圆满完成莫斯科之行,启程回国。此次苏联之行,娴熟的外交艺术受到和斯大林以及中外外交家的高度赞扬,他在世人面前第一次树立起新中国的外交形象。

太了解了。作为世纪伟人,他对“比我强”的肯定,并不影响他在世人心目中的地位,恰恰相反,他的形象因此而更伟大。

红色征文篇4

暑假里,我读了《英雄》这篇英雄故事,内心非常激动。时间过去好久了,那舍身堵枪口的光辉形象还总是出现在我眼前。

是1930年生,在1952年英勇殉职,牺牲时年仅22岁,是四川中江人,在1951年时参加中国人民志愿军,成为了一名普普通通的军人;1952年他又加入了中国新民主主义青年团。

1952年10月朝鲜打起了最激烈的一场阵地战。而所在的营已经战斗了四天四夜,当到了第五天夜晚,上级给他们下了命令,说是在黎明之前必须夺下已被夺走的597.9高地。攻击开始了。很快,营就已经打下了一个又一个的山头。当快要到达597.9高地时,突然,一个火力点像猛兽般扑过来,战士们屡次突击,结果都被比雨点还密的枪弹压了回去。时间快到了,可是他们还是没有打下597.9高地。这时,带领着两个战士拿了手雷,喊了一声:“让祖国人民听我们胜利的消息吧!”

一名战士牺牲了,另一名战士也负伤了。这个重任落在了的身上。当战士们都在着急时张开双臂用胸膛堵住了敌人正喷着火舌的枪眼。这时,敌人、战士们惊呆了,我也惊呆了,这么一个普普通通的战士竟然能为国家做出这样的牺牲,真是可歌可泣啊!

司马迁说:人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛。叔叔为人类的正义事业而死,他死得有意义,死得伟大!我们将永远怀念他!

其实,除了叔叔以外,还有无数革命先烈为了祖国的神圣领土不被侵犯,为了老百姓们不受欺辱,为了使我们生活得更幸福,用他们那满腔热血谱写了一曲曲英雄的赞歌。现在我们过着安居乐业的生活,要知道,我们现在的生活是像这样的英雄用自己的生命换来的。我们应该好好学习,继承老一辈的光荣传统,为祖国塑造一个美好的未来。

在这里,我要说一声:“英雄们,你们安息吧!”

五(1)班徐鸿杰

红色征文篇5

夹金山是我国四川省的重要革命老区,位于青藏高原的东部,不仅有着多彩的藏族风俗习惯,同时又因为其是红军长征时翻越的第一座雪山,因此也拥有非常丰富的红色文化,见证了我国工农红军的长征历史,是我国红色文化中的重要组成部分。由于夹金山地理环境比较恶劣,加上交通条件的限制,使得其红色旅游文化资源的开发有着很大的难度,对此也就要求夹金山要找到适合自己的发展道路,采取合理措施来充分有效地开发自身具有的红色旅游文化资源,让更多的人都能够欣赏到来自夹金山的丰富红色旅游文化,实现夹金山地区的更好建设与发展,提高当地居民的生活水平,推动整个夹金山地区的长远健康发展。本文就是关于夹金山红色旅游文化的分析。

一、红色旅游的概念与夹金山在红色旅游中的意义和象征性

(一)红色旅游的概念

所谓红色旅游,指的就是将我国共产党领导人民在革命战争时期建立了伟大战绩所形成的标志物或者纪念地作为载体,利用这些载体承载的革命精神、革命事迹与革命历史的丰富内涵,组织接待社会上的旅游者开展参观游览与缅怀学习的主题性旅游活动,是进行爱国主义教育的重要手段。红色旅游将红色人文景观以及自然景观有机结合在一起,将旅游产业与革命传统教育结合在一起,是一种可以培养时代精神与学习斗争革命精神的旅游方式。

(二)夹金山在红色旅游中的意义和象征性

在我国社会主义现代化发展建设中,加强革命老区的建设是其中的一个重要发展战略。自改革开放政策实行以来,我国革命老区的建设得到了国家的高度重视,国家政府也纷纷采取措施推动革命老区的发展。夹金山作为我国西部的一个革命根据点,其凭借着自身拥有的众多红色旅游文化资源,在整个红色旅游中占有非常重要的地位。夹金山是我国革命的摇篮,可以将其作为我国进行爱国主义教育的示范基地,是一个可以开展各类爱国主义教育与传统教育的好地方。

二、宝兴当前的红色旅游发展现状

宝兴是我国红军长征途中的重要中转站,也是我国“一百个红色旅游经典景区”之一。位于宝兴县境内的夹金山,是长征途中红军翻越的第一座雪山,是长征精神与长征丰碑的见证地,这为宝兴人民创造了非常丰富的红色旅游资源。近年来,宝兴县将夹金山作为代表,采取了各种措施促进红色旅游的发展,在科学规划的同时还重视打造品牌,而且在提出“旅游兴县富民”的发展战略并实施之后,使得其红色旅游产业取得了巨大的发展,树立起了鲜明的红色旅游品牌形象。

三、夹金山的文化象征与内涵

夹金山是我国的部级森林公园,又名大雪山,以雪景著称。夹金山有着非常茂密的原始森林,随处可见野生动植物,自然景观十分壮美。其中,最独树一帜的是夹金山的红军遗迹,其作为我国红军长征时翻越的第一座雪山,在长征史上的地位不言而喻,是长征精神的重要象征,也深深体现了我国工农红军的革命内涵。这些都使得夹金山在整个红色旅游业中占有十分重要的地位,因此夹金山红色旅游文化资源的开发一直都得到了我国旅游业的高度重视。

四、如何开发体现长征精神的红色旅游文化产品的开发和持续生产

夹金山是少数民族地区,也是革命老区,拥有非常多的人文旅游资源、自然旅游资源以及独特的红军长征文化旅游资源。其中,红色旅游资源是夹金山最有特色的一类旅游资源,要将其作为载体来促进整个夹金山地区旅游业的发展。而这就要求要对夹金山以红色长征文化为主要特点的红色旅游资源进行合理开发,并将其与当地其他旅游资源加以优化配置,将夹金山拥有的红色旅游资源的经济效益与社会效益充分发挥出来,因此对体现了长征精神的夹金山红色旅游文化产品进行合理开发是十分重要的,主要可以采取以下两个措施。

(一)对夹金山长征精神红色旅游产品进行深层次开发

开发旅游产品主要就是旅游经营者通过建设旅游资源,从而将其转化成一种能够让旅游者在精神与物质上获得满足感的旅游经历与旅游景点。所以,在开发旅游产品的时候,要将实际拥有的旅游资源作为基础。我国有很多革命老区,革命老区一般都拥有非常丰富的红色旅游资源,但是不少革命老区在开发红色旅游资源的时候只重视开发有形人文旅游资源,对于一些无形人文旅游资源没有引起重视,只是开发一些革命纪念馆、博物馆或者革命遗迹等。这些有形旅游资源虽然具有很强的吸引力,但是仅仅停留在表面上是不够的,这种浅层次的开发很难有效实现旅游产品的持续生产。因此也就要求要在红色旅游资源的革命文化内涵上下更多功夫,将红色旅游资源中蕴含的最宝贵、最本质精神品格充分挖掘出来,增强旅游者的情感体验与心灵共鸣。夹金山的红色旅游资源主要有夹金山公园、红军石刻标语、红军长征纪念碑、誓师广场、拴马树、凉水井等,这些都是可以见证当年红军翻越夹金山的有形文化红色旅游。对于这类有形的红色旅游资源,可以采取保护红军文物与修缮红军遗迹遗址等做法,将其包装并开发成一种可以进行长征革命精神教育的参观景点与基地。同时,红军在翻越夹金山时具有的团结拼搏、迎难而上、坚强乐观等精神才是整个红军长征文化中的精髓部分,这作为一种无形的红色文化旅游资源,对其加以大力弘扬能够进一步增强夹金山红色旅游资源的吸引力与内涵价值。

(二)对夹金山长征精神红色旅游产品进行整合开发

在开发夹金山红色旅游产品的时候,要始终遵循因地制宜的原则,并采取立体开发的方法,将夹金山的红色旅游、古色旅游、绿色旅游等各种资源有机集合在一起,对夹金山的旅游景点加以合理规划,并且还要突出红色旅游资源的特色,一方面使不同层次与目的旅游者的需要得到满足,另一方面实现当地旅游业发展规模效益的提高。在开发夹金山红色旅游产品的过程中,要将当地的民族人文景观与自然景观融合起来,塑造一个突出了长征精神红色旅游文化特色的旅游区,实现夹金山长征精神红色旅游文化的可持续发展。此外,在结合的过程中还要对夹金山当地的深厚文化底蕴以及独特民俗风情进行深入挖掘,将夹金山当地的藏族文化特色优势充分发挥到旅游产品中,让旅游者在体验到红军长征精神的同时还能领略到当地独特的藏乡民族风情,从而提高夹金山红色旅游产品的趣味性与独特性,让更多的游客领会到夹金山拥有的独特魅力与生命力,从而为夹金山的红色旅游产品赢得更大的旅游市场[6]。

五、如何让本地群众获得长期的可持续旅游收入

在开发夹金山红色旅游文化产品的时候,一方面能够促进当地旅游业的发展,另一方面还能够促进当地经济的发展,从而使当地群众可以获得更多的旅游收入,促进当地群众生活水平的升高。为了让夹金山本地群众可以长期获得可持续收入,当地政府要发挥出对旅游市场的调控、引导与规范作用,对当地旅游管理部门的职责加以明确,针对夹金山的旅游产业制定各种扶持政策,还可以设立夹金山红色旅游文化发展基金,加大对客源市场的开拓,让夹金山的红色旅游文化可以得到长期稳定的发展,从而持续为当地群众带来可观的经济效益,让夹金山本地群众可以在红色旅游文化发展的过程中收获更多的利益。

六、红色旅游文化的弘扬与红色旅游开发的结合

(一)对红色旅游资源加以整合,不断扩大客源市场

有机整合红色旅游资源是增强红色旅游资源吸引力的重要手段。可以将夹金山的一些红色景点连成片或者线,让其相互之间进行补充,不断增强其对游客的吸引力,从而进一步扩大客源市场。

(二)结合多种红色旅游资源来发展红色旅游市场和产业

将红色文化与绿色文化、民俗文化与历史文化结合在一起,形成夹金山的独特红色旅游发展模式,形成夹金山红色旅游发展的高峰期[8]。同时还要加强与周围省市比如重庆、贵州之间的联合,打造一个全新的精品红色文化线路游,构建一个以夹金山红色旅游资源为主的精品红色旅游带。

(三)对红色旅游资源进行深度挖掘,不断增加红色旅游产品附加值

在开发红色旅游资源的时候,一方面要建设与恢复革命活动遗迹的原貌原址,另一方面还要挖掘与整合与红色文化相关的精神或者故事。四川不仅是长征中的重要节点,又经历过汶川大地震,因此可以结合长征精神与抗震救灾精神来对红色文化进行弘扬。同时,为了提高红色旅游产品的吸引力与附加值,还要将红色旅游与其他旅游方式结合起来,包括观光旅游、藏羌文化旅游等,不断提高红色旅游产品的体验性与教育性。

七、结语

综上可知,夹金山作为我国重要的革命老区,拥有丰富的红军长征文化旅游资源,这是我国整个红色旅游产业中的重要组成部分。因此在今后,必须要结合夹金山的文化内涵以及拥有的红色旅游资源,加大对其红色旅游资源价值的开发,将夹金山的红色旅游文化与整个红色旅游业进行深度融合,在促进夹金山地区旅游文化发展和当地居民生活水平进步的同时再推动我国整个红色旅游产业的健康发展。

红色征文篇6

【关键词】颜色词语;象征意义

在东西方文化中,很多颜色词都蕴含丰富的意义,但又带有不同的语言文化特色,极易造成人们理解上的误区,本文旨在对比研究三种常见颜色词的象征意义,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

一、黑色

黑色在中国文化里有沉重的神秘之感,是一种庄重而严肃的色调,它的象征意义由于受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象征严肃、正义,如民间传说中的“黑脸”包公,传统京剧中的张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱;另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”,不可告人的丑恶内情是“黑幕”,反动集团的成员是“黑帮”,它又表示犯罪、违法,如称干盗匪行径叫“走黑道”,称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做“黑店”,违禁的货物交易叫“黑货”“黑市”,用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫“黑钱”等。 黑色(black)是西方文化中的基本禁忌色,体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难,如to wear black for her father为她父亲戴孝,black words不吉利的话;它象征邪恶、犯罪,如Black Man邪恶的恶魔,a black deed极其恶劣的行为,black guard恶棍、流氓;它也象征耻辱、不光彩,如a black mark污点,black sheep败家子,它还象征沮丧、愤怒,如black dog沮丧情绪,The future looks black前途暗淡,He gave me a black look他怒气冲冲地看着我。

二、红色

红色是中国文化中的基本崇尚色,它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆,如把促成他人美好婚姻的人叫“红娘”,喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字;男娶女嫁时贴大红“喜”字,把热闹、兴旺叫做“红火”;形容繁华、热闹的地方叫“红尘”;它又象征革命和进步,如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”,最早的武装叫“红军”;它也象征顺利、成功,如人的境遇很好被称为“走红”“红极一时”,得到上司宠信的叫“红人”等;它还象征美丽、漂亮,如指女子盛妆为“红妆”或“红装”“红袖”,指女子美艳的容颜为“红颜”等。西方文化中的红色(red)主要指鲜血(blood)颜色,而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的“生命之液”。一旦鲜血流淌下来,生命之花也就凋谢。所以red使西方人联想到“暴力”和“危险”产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说:“色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的,因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。”著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译“红楼梦”时,由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力”“流血”,所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》,译为The story of the stone。又如The red rules of tooth and claw 残杀和暴力统治,red revenge血腥复仇;它也象征危险、紧张,如red alert空袭报警,a red adventure story一个令人紧张的冒险故事;它还象征着放荡、,如a red waste of his youth他那因放荡而浪费的青春,a red light district花街柳巷(红灯区),至于红色的褒义,如red-letter day喜庆的日子,the red carpet隆重的接待等,则得益于不同文化之间的交流和融合。据考证,red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。

三、白色

在中国文化中,白色与红色相反,是一个基本禁忌词,体现了中国人在物质和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现,象征死亡。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝(穿白色孝服)办“白事”,要设白色灵堂;旧时还把白虎视为凶神,所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为“白虎星”;它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗”表示投降,称智力低下的人为“”,把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做“白忙”“白费力”等,它还象征奸邪、阴险,如“唱白脸”;最后,它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名,如称平民百姓为“白丁”“白衣”,把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作“白面书生”等。西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为白色高雅纯洁,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪,如a white soul纯洁的心灵,white wedding新娘穿白礼服的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实,如a white spirit正直的精神,white m en高尚、有教养的人;它也象征幸运、吉利,如one of the white days of sb's life 某人生活中的吉日之一;它还有合法、无恶意的意思,如white market合法市场,a white lie无害的谎言。

总之,从上面的分析,我们可以看出英汉两种语言中的颜色词的象征意义有多样性和不对等性,从中我们可以了解英语文化和汉语文化传统各自的特点,从而促进跨文化交际。

【参考文献】

[1]夏征龙.辞海[Z].上海辞书出版社,1988.

[2]王同忆.英汉辞海[Z].国防工业出编社,1987.

[3]陆谷孙.英汉大词典[Z].上海译文出版社,1993.

[4]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989.

[5]王振亚.实用英语语言文化[M].河北大学出版社,2004.

红色征文篇7

在人类语言中,颜色词语表现出的独特魅力,令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中,表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里,地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别,人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样,颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨,以求教于同行和读者。

从科学的定义来说,颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象,是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。颜色生成的这种定义,对经历封建社会时间相对短,且在近代和现代教育和科学得到普及和飞速发展的西方来说,是比较易于为他们所接受的。西方从文明一开始,就比较注重科学理性的教育和科学方法的发现,对客观世界和客观认识采取现实的科学态度。因此,西方文化中颜色的象征意义往往比较直接,一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义,所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。例如:西方文化中的红色(red)主要指鲜血(blood)颜色,而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的"生命之液"。一旦鲜血流淌下来,生命之花也就凋谢。所以red使西方人联想到"暴力"和"危险"产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说:"色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的,因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。"著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译"红楼梦"时,由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力"、"流血",所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》,译为Thestoryofthestone。但是由于中国经历了几千年的封建社会以及教育和科技的相对落后,在中国文化中,颜色的生成具有强烈的神秘色彩,它的发展受到中国社会文化发展的较大影响。在先秦,颜色词就已经与古人的世界观、哲学思想联系在一起,后来又与政治挂钩。所以中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义十分丰富,而且颜色词的象征意义是多元的。例如,从文化人类学角度来讲,中国文化中的红色源于太阳,因为烈日如火,其色赤红。我们的初祖在祭祈巫舞的过程中,对阳光有一种本能的依恋和崇拜,红色的喜庆和吉祥之意自然而然地产生了。古人还认为"日至而万物生"(《淮南子·天文训》)感到阳光下万物繁茂,生机勃勃,令人振奋,因而对代表太阳的红色产生了特别亲切的感情。再以白色为例,在人类初始阶段,我们的祖先弱小而无力,无法抗拒凶恶猛兽的攻击、光天化日的白昼使他们暴露无遗,有一种随时都有被食肉猛兽扑食的危险,因而对白色有一种本能的恐惧感;另外,我们的初祖还观察到"月到中秋分外明",因而认为明月与萧煞的秋季连在一起,而代表秋天的颜色也就是白色了(银白色的中秋之月)。这样白色在中国文化里就成了一种颜色禁讳。可见颜色的象征意义在漫长的历史进程中的约定俗成的,体现出某种心理功能。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具体描述。

1、红色

红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色,它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆,如把促成他人美好婚姻的人叫"红娘",喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字;男娶女嫁时贴大红"喜"字,把热闹、兴旺叫做"红火";形容繁华、热闹的地方叫"红尘";它又象征革命和进步,如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”,最早的武装叫“红军”,把政治上要求进步、业务上刻苦钻研的人称为“又红又专”等;它也象征顺利、成功,如人的境遇很好被称为"走红"、"红极一时",得到上司宠信的叫"红人",分到合伙经营利润叫"分红",给人发奖金叫"送红包"等;它还象征美丽、漂亮,如指女子盛妆为"红妆"或"红装",把艳妆女子称为"红袖",指女子美艳的容颜为"红颜"等。西方文化中的红色(red)则是一个贬意相当强的词,是"火"、"血"的联想,它象征着残暴、流血,如(1)Theredrulesoftoothandclaw残杀和暴力统治,(2)redrevenge血腥复仇,(3)aredbattle血战;它又象征激进、暴力革命,如(1)redhotpoliticalcampaign激烈的政治运动,(2)aredrevolution赤色革命,(3)redactivities左派激进活动;它也象征危险、紧张,如(1)redalert空袭报警,(2)aredadventurestory一个令人紧张的冒险故事,(3)aredflag危险信号旗;它还象征着放荡、,如(1)aredwasteofhisyouth他那因放荡而浪费的青春,(2)aredlightdistrict花街柳巷(红灯区),(3)Isshereallysoredassheispainted?难到她真的象人们所描绘的那样放荡吗?

至于红色的褒义,如red—letterday喜庆的日子,theredcarpet隆重的接待等,则得益于不同文化之间的交流和融合。据考证,red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。

2、白色

在中国文化中,白色与红色相反,是一个基本禁忌词,体现了中国人在物质和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中国古代的五方说中,西方为白虎,西方是刑天杀神,主萧杀之秋,古代常在秋季征伐不义、处死犯人。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现,象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝(穿白色孝服)办"白事",要设白色灵堂,出殡时要打白幡;旧时还把白虎视为凶神,所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为"白虎星"。白色的心理功能在其发展过程中由于受到政治功能的影响,又象征腐朽、反动、落后,如视为"白专道路";它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗”表示投降,称智力低下的人为"",把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做"白忙"、"白费力"、"白干"等,它还象征奸邪、阴险,如"唱白脸"、"白脸"奸雄;最后,它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名,如称平民百姓为"白丁"、"白衣"、"白身",把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作"白面书生"等。

西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为白色高雅纯洁,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪,如(1)awhitesoul纯洁的心灵,(2)whitewedding新娘穿白礼服的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实,如(1)awhitespirit正直的精神,(2)whitemen高尚、有教养的人,(3)whitehand廉洁、诚实;它也象征幸运、吉利,如(1)oneofthewhitedaysofsb''''slife某人生活中的吉日之一,(2)whitemagic有天使相助的法术;它还有合法、无恶意的意思,如(1)whitemarket合法市场,(2)whitelist经过批准的合法明单,(3)awhitelie无害的谎言。

3、黑色

古代黑色为天玄,原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感,是一种庄重而严肃的色调,它的象征意义由于受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象征严肃、正义,如民间传说中的"黑脸"包公,传统京剧中的张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱;另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是"黑心肠",不可告人的丑恶内情是"黑幕",反动集团的成员是"黑帮"、"黑手",把统治者为进行政治迫害而开列的持不同政见者的名单称为"黑名单",它又表示犯罪、违法,如称干盗匪行径叫"走黑道",称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做"黑店",违禁的货物交易叫"黑货"、"黑市",用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫"黑钱"等。

黑色(black)是西方文化中的基本禁忌色,体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难,如(1)BlackMass安灵弥撒,(2)towearblackforhcrfather为她父亲戴孝,(3)blackwords不吉利的话,(4)ablackletterday凶日;它象征邪恶、犯罪,如(1)BlackMan邪恶的恶魔,(2)ablackdeed极其恶劣的行为,(3)blackguard恶棍、流氓,(4)blackmail敲榨、勒索;它也象征耻辱、不光彩,如(1)ablackmark污点,(2)blacksheep败家子,(3)ablackeye丢脸、坏名声,它还象征沮丧、愤怒,如(1)blackdog沮丧情绪,(2)Thefuturelooksblack前途暗淡,(3)Hegavemeablacklook。他怒气冲冲地看着我。4、其他颜色

黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异,如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子称为“黄道吉日”,但是它更代表权势、威严,这是因为在古代的五方、五行、五色中,中央为土黄色。黄色象征中央政权、国土之义,所以黄色便为历代封建帝王所专有,普通人是不能随便使用"黄色"的,如"黄袍"是天子的"龙袍","黄钺"是天子的仪仗,"黄榜"是天子的诏书,"黄马褂"是清朝皇帝钦赐文武重臣的官服。至于现在流行的与"性"有关的"黄色"观念,有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油墨印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路,人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”,还有《纽约新闻》以夸大、渲染的手法报道色情、仇杀、犯罪等新闻,人们也称这一类的新闻为"黄色新闻"。其实中国古代的黄色已与"性"有关。东汉末年黄巾起义时有《黄书》,现书虽之佚,便确知该书重在"房中之术";另有唐代孙思邈在其《千金要方》之"房内补益"中有"赤日黄月"之说。张清常据此在他的《汉语的颜色词》一书中指出:"则中国古代之''''黄''''与''''性''''有关系。此说甚是,只不过中断千余年,人们早已忘记而已"。西方文化中的黄(yellow)使人联想到背叛耶稣的犹太(Judas)所穿衣服的颜色,所以黄色带有不好的象征意义,它除了表示低级趣味的报刊、毫无文学价值的书籍(如yellowpress黄色报刊,yellowjournalism黄色办报作风,yellowback廉价轰动一时的小说)外,主要表示卑鄙、胆怯,如(1)yellowdog卑鄙的人,(2)yellowstreak胆怯,(3)yellow-livered胆小的。

在中国传统文化中,绿色有两重性,它除了表示义侠外,还表示野恶。这是因为在人类初始时代以及其以后的漫长生活过程中,人类借助绿色保护自己,赖以生存下来;但同时,绿色也保护着人类的天敌及其它猛残的食人动物。这样一来,义狭是正义的,如人们泛指聚集山林、劫富济贫的人为"绿林好汉";恶野是邪恶,所以旧时也指"绿林"为占山为王、拦路抢劫、骚扰百姓的盗匪;绿色还象征低贱,如汉朝时的仆役着绿帻,元朝以后凡娼妓都得着绿头巾,以示地位低下,因妻子有外遇而使丈夫脸上无光,低人一等,叫给丈夫戴"绿帽子"。西方文化中的绿色(green)象征意义跟青绿的草木颜色有很大的联系,是植物的生命色。阿思海姆说:"绿色唤起自然的爽快的想法。"它不仅象征着青春、活力,如(1)inthegreenwood在青春旺盛的时代,(2)inthegreen血气方刚,(3)agreenoldage老当益壮;而且表示新鲜,如(1)greenrecollection记忆犹新,(2)keepthememorygreen永远不忘,(3)agreenwound新伤口;但是它也表示幼稚、没有经验,如(1)agreenhand生手,(2)asgreenasgrass幼稚,(3)agreenhorn容易上当的糊涂虫;它也象征妒忌,如(1)thegreen-eyedmonster妒忌,(2)greenwithenvy充满妒嫉,(3)agreeneye妒嫉的眼睛。

在中国民间传说中,天帝居于天上的"紫微宫"(星座),故而以天帝为父的人间帝王(天子)和以天帝为信凶的道教都以紫为瑞。紫色作为祥瑞、高贵的象征,更多地被封建帝王和道教所采用,如称吉瑞之气为"紫气"、"紫电",皇宫叫做"紫禁宫"、"紫禁城"。历代皇帝为了笼络人,往往将"紫袍"赐予品位低的臣下,而"著紫"则成为封建文人奋力追求的荣禄;人们还把道书称为"紫书",把神仙居所称为“紫台”。无独有偶,英语中的紫色(purple)象征意义也跟帝王将相和宗教有关,这是一个有趣的文化巧合,如(1)thepurple帝位、王权,(2)beborninthepurple生在王侯贵族之家,(3)marryinthepurple嫁到显贵人家,(4)beraisedtothepruple升为红衣主教。

蓝色(blue)在中国文化中几乎没有什么象征意义,相对而言,它在西方文化中的象征意义稍多一些。阿斯海姆在评析蓝色时说:"蓝色象水那样清凉。"是“阴性或消极的颜色”。它能象征高贵、高远、深沉、严厉,如(1)blueblood名门望族,(2)blueribbon最高荣誉的标志,(3)bluenose严守教规的卫道士;(4)bluelaws严格的法规;它又象征忧郁、沮丧,如(1)feelblue不高兴,(2)ablueoutlook悲观的人生观。(3)Thingslookblue。事不称心,(4)blueMonday不开心的星期一,它也象征猥亵、下流,如(1)bluemovie,(2)bluerevolution“性解放”,(3)bluetalk下流言论;它还有突然迅速的意思,如(1)outoftheblue突爆冷门,(2)havetheblue晴天劈雳,(3)bluestreak一闪即逝的东西。粉红色(pink)是红色的一种变异,可以将其视为红色的一种应合或复归。在中国文化中,粉红色又叫桃花色。唐代诗人崔护写下"人面桃花相映红"的诗句,以桃花与女人相比,究其根由,是女子为修饰自己而施用粉红色胭脂,脸色白中透红,可与美丽的桃花相比之故。粉红色(桃色)可以象征女性,如白居易《长恨歌》中有:“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”,青年男子把心爱的女子称为“红颜知已”。称男女之间不正当的性关系为"桃色事件"。在西方文化中,粉红色象征精华,极致,如(1)thepinkofperfection十全十美的东西或人,(2)thepinkofpoliteness十分彬彬有礼;它又象征上流社会,如(1)pinklady高格调鸡尾酒,(2)pinktea上流社交活动,(3)apink-collarworker高层次女秘书。

颜色词的象征意义在不同的民族文化里有着很大的差异。从根本上讲,在中国文化中,颜色的象征是基于过去中国的封建统治、封建迷信及其原始、落后的科学、教育状况而形成的,所以颜色的象征意义有相当强烈的政治化和神秘化倾向。而西方文化中的颜色象征则更多地得益于西方民族开放性及科学、教育的普及程度,其象征意义少了神秘,多了些理性,使其语义、词义理据更易追踪。不同文化之间颜色象征意义又都是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。它们能够使语言更生动、有趣、幽默、亲切,所以我们应该予以足够的注意。

参考文献:

1、夏征龙主编《辞海》,上海辞书出版社,1988年版

2、王同忆主编,《英汉辞海》,国防工业出编社,1987年版

3、陆谷孙主编,《英汉大词典》,上海译文出版社,1993年版

红色征文篇8

关键词: 色彩词汇 差异 象征意义

人们在使用语言的过程中必然反映出其所处社会特有的文化。比如人类对颜色的认知有其共同之处,表达颜色的基本词汇如赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫等,在很多语言中都是一致的。但英语和汉语之间色彩词汇的象征意义有着较大的区别。探讨这些色彩词汇表达方式的差异有趣而且有意义。下面笔者就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具体描述。

1.红色――red

红色在汉语中被赋予丰富的文化内涵,它的象征意义是多层面的。首先,红色象征喜庆和吉祥。古代达官贵人的住宅是“朱门”,衣服是“朱衣”,车子是“朱轩”。在中国传统婚礼上,新娘穿的是红袄,新郎佩戴的是红花。春节期间,家家户户门前贴的是红色对联。而且,汉语中红色还表示顺利和成功,比如人们把热闹、兴旺叫做“红火”;很受大家欢迎的人叫“红人”。另外,红色在汉语中还有美丽之意,比如“红妆”和“红颜”分别指漂亮的衣着和美丽的女人。最后,红色还是政治色彩最浓的一个词,象征革命和进步,如“红旗”、“又红又专”、“红色政权”、“一颗红心,两种准备”等。

在说英语的国家中,红色没有那么多美好的象征意义。首先,红色指鲜血的颜色,所以red使西方人联想到“暴力、危险和流血”,比如下面的词汇red battle(血战),redrevenge(血腥复仇),red-handed(刽子手)等。著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译名著《红楼梦》时,由于意识到red会使英语读者联想到“暴力和流血”,就按照小说曾用书名《石头记》将其译为The Story of the Stone。另外,英语中红色还象征着放荡、,如red light district(红灯区)。美国小说家霍桑的代表作《红字》中,女主人公因被认为犯了通奸罪必须在胸前佩戴红色的A字。值得一提的是,在财政预算中,当损益表上的净收入是负数时,人们则用红笔登记,所以红色常指“负债”或“亏损”。于是便有red figure(赤字),in the red(亏损),red balance(赤字差额)等说法。这些表达方式随着中西方各国间贸易的往来增多渗透到汉语中,并成为汉语经济领域的常见词汇。而且西方由于受中国文化的影响,红色也有了褒义的象征意义,如red letter day指纪念日或喜庆的日子;give somebody a red carpet指给某人隆重的接待。

2.白色――white

白色在中国文化里象征着死亡、凶兆。葬礼叫“白事”,设白色灵堂,出殡时打白幡。它也象征失败,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗”;它还象征愚蠢、无利可得,称智力低下的人为“”、不识字的人为“白丁”,把出力而不得好叫“白忙”等。

西方文化中,白色象征高雅、纯洁,它是西方文化的崇尚色,如:white soul(纯洁的心灵),white wedding新娘穿着白色婚纱的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实和公正,white man(高尚的人),white lie(无恶意的谎言)。白色还表示吉利与和平,如:white day(吉日),white war(没有硝烟的“经济竞争”)等。可见,红色和白色的象征意义英汉反差明显。

有趣的是,近些年来中国人办喜事时,新娘也穿上纯白色的婚纱。其实,中西方文化在不断地融合交汇,人们的价值观及审美情趣也发生着微妙的变化。

3.黑色――black

在中国,人们常用黑色象征严肃和正义。如在戏曲脸谱艺术中,往往用黑色象征历史人物的刚直不阿和铁面无私,如宋代的包拯。但汉语中黑色又象征邪恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”,不可告人的丑恶内情是“黑幕”,反动集团成员是“黑帮”、“黑手”等。与汉语的象征意义类似,黑色在英语中也常与坏和邪恶等意思相联系,如:Black Man(恶魔),black sheep(败家子),black deed(恶劣的行为),black money(黑钱),black market(黑市)。而且它象征死亡、凶兆,英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装,英语中的black Friday指耶稣受难的星期五,to wear black for her father(为她父亲戴孝),black letter day(凶日)等。另外,英语中黑色还可表示盈利,它和红色一样是记账时墨水的颜色。如 black figure,in the black都表示盈利、赚钱、顺差等。而这些经济方面与黑色有关的词汇,汉语还未通用。

4.绿色――green

中文中绿色象征侠义,如“绿林好汉”。令人奇怪的是,汉语中绿色还象征低贱,丈夫因妻子有外遇被戴“绿帽子”。而在英语中绿色常引申为幼稚的、无生活经验的、嫉妒人的等,如:as green as grass(幼稚),green hand(新手),in the green(血气方刚)及green old age(老当益壮)等。汉语中的“红眼病”译成英语却是green with envy或green eyes。无论汉语还是英语都有同样的表达give a green light to somebody(给某人开绿灯)。当然,随着人们对环境的关注,无论在汉语还是英语,绿色环保的说法越来越受到人们的认可,如“绿色食品”、“绿色革命”等。最后,green在财经领域还有下列意思:green back美钞(因为美元背面为绿色),green power(金钱的力量或财团)。

5.蓝色――blue

在汉语中,蓝色就指自然界中的颜色如“蓝天”和“蔚蓝色的大海”,它几乎没有象征意义。但在英语中蓝色表示不愉快的心情,如:feel blue(不高兴),blue outlook(悲观的人生观)。蓝色还象征猥亵、下流,如:blue movie(),blue revolution(性解放)及blue talk(下流言论)等。有趣的是,英语用blue joke表示黄色笑话。另外,蓝色表示社会地位高,如:He is a real blue blood.(他是真正的贵族);blue moon(千载难逢的机会),blue stocking(才女)等。经济词汇中blue表示有不同意思,如:blue book(蓝皮书),blue-sky market(露天市场),blue chip(蓝筹股)等。

从以上的讨论可以看出,英汉两种语言中,颜色词汇的内涵和外延有些较为相近,而有些却具有较大的反差。可见,语言与文化密切相关,英汉色彩词汇象征意义的差异体现了两个民族不同的文化和价值观。当然语言又是发展的,随着中西方交流的日益增多,一种语言的表达方式逐渐渗透到另一种语言中,这种双向的渗透作用使语言越来越丰富和生动。

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