勇闯“四关”学被动语态

对初中学生来说，将主动语态变为被动语态是学习中的一个难点。笔者根据多年的教学经验，摸索出一套勇闯“四关”的解决方法。现在把它介绍给大家，同学们不妨试一试。

第一关：掌握时机

1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者时，可用被动语态。例如：

English is spoken in many countries. 许多国家都说英语。

The letter was written in Japanese. 这封信是用日语写的。

Flowers should be watered often. 花应该经常浇水。

2. 需要强调动作的承受者时，可用被动语态。例如：

Doctors are needed in every part of the world. 世界每个地区都需要医生。

The books must be taken good care of. 这些书必须好好加以保管。

3. 说明客观情况时，可用被动语态。例如：

It is said that a supermarket will be built in our town. 据说我们镇上将建一家超市。

第二关：掌握构成

被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 be有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态的时态变化都体现在助动词be上。现就几种常见时态的被动语态结构总结如下。

1. 一般现在时的被动语态为“am/is/are + 过去分词”。例如：

The schoolyard is cleaned every Friday afternoon. 每周五下午打扫校园。

2. 一般过去时的被动语态为“was/were + 过去分词”。例如：

When was the Museum of Natural History built？ 自然历史博物馆是什么时候建造的？

3. 含有情态动词的被动语态为“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”。例如：

The car can be mended in an hour. 这辆车可以在一小时内修好。

4. 一般将来时的被动语态为“will/be going to + be + 过去分词”。例如：

Russian will be taught in the school next term. 下学期这所学校要开设俄语课。

Young trees are going to be planted on the hill tomorrow. 明天打算在山上栽小树。

5. 现在进行时的被动语态为“am/is/are + being + 过去分词”。例如：

A kind of new plane is being worked on now. 现在正在研制一种新飞机。

6. 现在完成时的被动语态为“have/has + been + 过去分词”。例如：

Many man⁃made satellites have been sent up into space so far. 到目前为止已经向太空发射了许多人造卫星。

第三关：掌握主动语态变被动语态的方法

主动语态变为被动语态可分三步进行： 1. 主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语； 2. 主动句的谓语动词变为被动语态； 3. 主动句的主语变为“by + 宾语”（有时可省略）。例如：

She doesn􀆳t do her homework in the evening. Her homework isn􀆳t done （by her） in the evening.

Did the police catch the robber yesterday？ Was the robber caught （by the police） yesterday？

第四关：注意几种特殊情况

1. 双宾语的变换方法：在将一些带双宾语的及物动词变为被动语态时，可把其中的间接宾语变为主语，再把直接宾语保留在谓语动词后面；也可以把直接宾语变为主语，再在间接宾语前面加上介词to或for。 例如：

I lent him 10 dollars just now. He was lent 10 dollars by me just now. /10 dollars was lent to him by me just now.

Her mother often buys her some presents. She is often bought some presents by her mother. /Some presents are often bought for her by her mother.

2. 何时不能省略动词不定式的符号to： 如果主动语态中的宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式，变为被动语态时，作为主语补足语的动词不定式前面必须加to。例如：

We saw the super star enter the hall. The super star was seen to enter the hall.

Tom made Linda wait for an hour or so at the bus station. Linda was made to wait by Tom for an hour or so at the bus station.

3. 短语动词变为被动语态的方法：及物的短语动词变为被动语态时，要注意保持短语动词的完整性，不可丢掉其中的介词或副词。例如：

They laughed at him at the meeting. He was laughed at at the meeting.

We have looked after the old very well recently. The old have been looked after very well recently.

4. 不能用于被动语态的动词或短语：有些及物动词或短语表示状态，不含动作的意义，不能用于被动语态。常见的有have， hold， own， last， cost， agree with等。例如：

The computer room can hold 70 students. 微机室能容纳70名学生。

The book cost me 20 yuan. 这本书花了我20元钱。

The sports meeting lasted about four hours. 运动会开了大约四个小时。

5. 主动形式表达被动意义的情况：有些不及物动词的主动语态表达被动意义，常见的有sell， wear， wash， write， feel（摸起来）， look（看起来）， smell（闻起来）， sound（听起来）， taste（尝起来）， be worth doing（值得做……）等。例如：

The books written by Jin Young sell well. 金庸写的书很畅销。

This kind of pants washes very wll. 这种裤子很耐洗。

How sweet the song sounds！ 这歌听起来多甜美呀！

The fish tastes very delicious. 这鱼真好吃。

The frightening novel is well worth reading. 这本惊险小说很值得一读。