动词不定式可充当的句子成分

时间:2022-10-26 10:26:57

动词不定式可充当的句子成分

编者按:非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,是历年高考的必考内容,也是同学们学习中的一大难点。本专题结合考题,分别对非谓语动词的四种形式所考查的要点进行分析,希望能对同学们有所启发。

动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种,一般由“to+动词原形”构成。在句子中,动词不定式可以充当除了谓语之外的任何成分,如主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也保留着动词的一些特征,可以带宾语或状语。

一、作主语(相当于名词)

如:To protect the environment is important.

保护环境是很重要的。

由于句子的主语部分较长,因此通常用it来作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句子后面。上面这个句子可以改写为:

It is important to protect the environment.

形式主语 真正的主语

例1 (2012年高考浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better

silent.

A. remain B. be remaining

C. having remained D. to remain

解析:答案为D。it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式to remain silent,可归结为句型:it is +形容词/名词+to do/that...

二、作宾语(相当于名词)

①动词后的宾语

如:I want to go alone.

我想一个人去。

当不定式作宾语较长时,我们也可以用it作形式宾语来替代真正的宾语。如:

He found it difficult to study English well.

形式宾语 真正的宾语

例2 (2012年高考安徽卷)I remembered the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.

A. locking B. to lock

C. having locked D. to have locked

解析:答案为B。动词不定式to lock 作remember 的宾语。remember to do sth.意为“记得要做某事”,remember doing sth.意为“记得曾经做过某事”。根据上下文,此处应选B。句意为:我记得要在离开办公室之前关门,却忘记了关灯。

例3 (2012年高考湖南卷)We’ve had a good start,but next,more work needs to achieve the final success.

A. being done B. do C. to be done D. to do

解析:答案为C。句意为:我们已经有了一个好的开始,但是下一步有更多的工作需要我们去做,以取得最后的成功。need作实意动词,后接动词作宾语,有两种结构:need doing意为“……需要被做”,可以与 need to be done进行转换,to be done 是不定式的被动语态;need to do意为“……需要(自己)去做”。

②介词后的宾语

如:The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

除了要他戒烟,医生什么也没说。

It had no effect except to make him angry.

除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。

例4 (2012年高考陕西卷)If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but an even greater challenge.

A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet

解析:答案为D。but作介词后接不定式结构时,前面的谓语动词部分若含有do的形式,but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to。

三、 作表语(相当于名词)

如:My dream is to be a doctor.

我的梦想是成为一名医生。

例5 (2009年高考湖南卷)When he the door,he found his keys were nowhere.

A. would open

B. opened

C. had opened

D. was to open

解析:答案为D。动词不定式作表语,表示将要发生的动作。句意为:当他要开门的时候,他发现他的钥匙不见了。

四、作状语(相当于副词)

如:To go to a better university,I study hard.

为了考上一所更好的大学,我努力学习。

例6 (2012年高考辽宁卷)This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.

A. operating B. to be operating

C. operated D. to operate

解析:答案为D。动词不定式to operate跟在作表语的形容词之后作状语,用主动形式表示被动含义。

五、作定语(相当于形容词)

如:Every day I have a lot of work to do.

每天我有很多工作要做。

例7 (2009年高考安徽卷)The play  next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.

A. produced

B. being produced

C. to be produced

D. having been produced

解析:答案为C。句中明显给出将来时间的标志词next month,且空格处在句中作定语,因此应该选择动词不定式,表示将来。

六、作宾语补足语(相当于形容词)

如:People often hear the little girl sing in the morning.

人们经常听到这个小女孩在早上唱歌。

不定式作宾语补足语时,to有时可以省略,但在被动语态中不能省。如:The little girl is often heard to sing in the morning.

例8 (2012年高考江西卷)Having finished her project,she was invited by the school to the new students.

A. speaking

B. having spoken

C. to speak

D. to have spoken

解析:答案为C。句子的谓语是被动语态,不定式to speak作宾语补足语。句意为:完成她的课题后,她被学校邀请去给新生作演讲。

(责任编校 彭益)

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