女卫生间设计的厕所

Years ago， I went shopping for clothes with a friend and her mother. After trying on a few items， I walked out of the dressing room to find them waiting for me， laden with clothes， ready to check out.

“Aren’t you going to try any of them on first？” I asked.

“We don’t do that，” my friend said. “We’ll try them on at home and return the ones we don’t want. We’re not comfortable doing it at the store.”

I was surprised. It was a nice enough store， and the ladies’ dressing rooms were on the other side of the building from the men’s. But these two women were not about to remove their clothing in public， even with the partition1） walls and locking doors.

There’s a long history of women feeling ill at ease when expected to perform a private act in a public space， and this history is worth considering as the national debate rages over transgender2） individuals and bathroom laws. Comfort， privacy， and fear all played a part in creating our sex-segregated bathroom system， and will continue to influence whatever system we create going forward.

For Men Only

It took a really long time to convince women to pee in public. Mostly because， before the mid-1800s， the only public toilets were called “the street” and they were used almost exclusively by men. When ladies did go out， they didn’t dawdle. There was nothing to linger for， really， outside of church or some other community meeting. Shopping wasn’t fun. You handed the dry goods3） man your list of needed muslins and salt， he packed it up for you， and you headed home. If you had to go potty4）， you either held it， or found a nice grove of bushes or trees to relieve yourself， miles from anywhere public.

America was a nation of “Restrooms for customers ONLY！” And by restrooms， they meant holes dug in the ground to poop in. Saloons usually had privies5） out back， but ladies weren’t allowed in saloons. There were a handful of other “public” latrines6）， but they were usually built and maintained by local businesses solely to keep people from befouling7） their buildings.

Not Even with Mahogany Seats

In 1851， London held an enormous public fair called The Great Exhibition， where nations from all over the world displayed inventions and innovations. It was here that a plumber named George Jennings showed the world just how civilized public “retiring rooms” could be， even for ladies.

In Jennings’ exhibit， a woman first entered a reception area and paid a penny to view the loo8）. Then she entered into the lavatory9） and was greeted by a row of sinks， much like in today’s bathrooms. A matron took the ticket， answered any questions， and kept things tidy. Beyond the lavatory was a row of lovely toilets known as “closet rooms.” They came with mahogany seats and seven-foot-high， floor-length partitions.

The exhibition was a hit. Thousands of women bought tickets to see these fancy new public toilets， to pull the cistern10） chain and watch the bowl be flushed clean by a crash of water. But there isn’t any proof that the ladies used the toilets in their intended fashion. Because when Jennings later tried to take his retiring rooms mainstream， he failed. Women were curious about the concept， but not curious enough to relieve themselves in public just yet. They still felt vulnerable in these stalls. Naked， indecent， unsafe. Anyone who saw you entering the room would be free to imagine in great detail what you were doing in there， which was humiliating in an era where women were told that it was better to soil their skirts in mud than lift them and allow strangers to gawk11） at their shins. Women’s bathrooms were not popular because society wasn’t ready to accept them.

Indeed， we wouldn’t be ready for the ladies’ room until it was absolutely necessary.

The Shopping Fad

By the beginning of the 20th century， ladies’ rooms were plentiful. But it wasn’t that suddenly everyone became “tolerant” of the fact that women had digestive tracts. The entirety of the Industrial Revolution was called into play to make ladies’ rooms possible. More women were working， which familiarized society with the sight of decent women outside the home. But the real change occurred when women， for the first time in history， began to enjoy shopping.

Factories were producing more leisure goods―beautiful fabrics and confectioneries12） and stationary supplies―which drew a more wealthy class of women out of their homes. They wanted to shop， to perambulate13）， perhaps visit all the new parks that were springing up， or even go to a museum. The outside world， which had been pretty much a men-only cesspit14） （literally） was now a place a lady felt welcomed to enter.

Women left the home and hit the street， but they certainly weren’t about to pee in it. So， to attract the female money-spender， private businesses and even whole cities began building comfortable， secure areas where a woman could “retire.”

That’s not to say there weren’t agitators and campaigners who had no financial gains in mind. Institutions like the Ladies’ Sanitary Association were there， making noise. But it does seem that their message became easier to hear once it was harmonious with the sounds of cash registers.

The salient15） point is that it took decades for female bathrooms to become standard. Millions of people who might have been scandalized by women peeing in public had to be replaced by people who had never known anything else. It was those new women who agitated for change， and who felt comfortable doing something their grandmothers simply did not.

The Inherent Misery of Pioneering

So where does that leave the transgender woman who would much rather endure the dirty looks of the ladies’ room than the potential fists of the men’s room？ In a brutally unfair position， unfortunately. They are pioneers， and pioneers have never had an easy time of it. They live in a society that hasn’t yet grown to accommodate them， just as ladies’ bathrooms once didn’t exist because society wasn’t ready for women to pee in public. It sounds ridiculous， but that’s how it is.

But it won’t always be like this. The old ways die off， and new ideas spread to fit people’s needs.

If there is one thing history has shown it is that you cannot force the majority to embrace your ideals overnight. Change is all about patience. Having to wait for justice is intolerable， but absolutely unavoidable， as shown by the slow ascension of every minority and marginalized group to ever achieve equality. Like every outsider population that came before， there may be decades of battling， waiting， and great tribulation16） before society is ready. That isn’t the work of evil people. It’s the rhythm of the human species.

从无到有启示录

随着社会文明程度的提高，公共场所的基本设施变得越来越方便、越来越人性化，女卫生间就是其一。看到现在干净卫生的女卫生间，你可能想象不到，在20世纪以前，公共场所几乎没有女卫生间。那么，女卫生间从无到有，期间经历了怎样的变化和发展？让我们一同来了解它的发展史。

几年前，我和一个朋友还有她妈妈一起去买衣服。试了几款衣服后，我走出试衣间，看到她们正在等我，手里拿着很多衣服，准备去结账。

“你们不先试试吗？”我问。

“不试了，”我朋友说，“我们回家试，不想要的我们再退回来。在商店里试衣服，我们觉得别扭。”

我大为震惊。这是一家足够上档次的商场，女试衣间和男试衣间分别在商场的两头。但这两个女人却不打算在公众场合脱衣服，即使有墙隔开，门可以反锁。

女性在公众场合有私密行为时，总是感觉不自在，这种现象历史悠久。随着围绕变性人和厕所规则的全国性辩论愈演愈烈，这一段历史值得回顾。在促使男女隔离的厕所制度产生的过程中，舒适、隐私和恐惧都在其中起到了作用，而且会继续影响我们今后制定的任何制度。

仅有男厕

说服女性在公共场所小便真的花费了很长时间。主要是因为19世纪中期以前，唯一的公厕叫作“街道”，几乎仅供男性使用。女性真的外出时，从不闲逛。其实除了教堂或一些社区聚会外，也没有什么可以流连的。购物毫无趣味。你把单子递给店员，上面列出了你所需要的布料和食盐，他为你打包，你上路回家。如果你必须上厕所的话，你要么忍着，要么跑到离公共场所有好几里远的地方，找一片茂密的灌木丛或小树林去方便。

美国那时是一个“洗手间只供客户！”的国家。所谓的洗手间也只是在地上挖的几个洞，供排便用。酒吧后面通常有厕所，但女性是不允许进酒吧的。也有几个公共厕所，但通常是由当地店铺修建并管理的，目的只是为了让人们别弄脏他们的店铺。

即使有红木座位也不行

1851年，伦敦举行了一场巨型展览会，叫作万国工业博览会，世界各国都在展览会上展示了他们的发明创造。在这次展览会上，一位叫乔治・詹宁斯的管道工向世界展示了“公共厕所”可以多么文明，即使对女性来说也是如此。

在詹宁斯的展区里，一位女士先进入接待处，付上一便士，才可以参观厕所。进入厕所后，看到一排水池，很像今天的盥洗室。一位中年妇女负责收票，回答任何疑问，同时保持厕所整洁。在厕所的另一边是一排可爱的厕所，称作“密室”。密室里有红木座位，还有七英尺高的垂至地板的隔墙。

博览会很成功。成千上万的女性购票去参观这些奇特的新公厕，拉水箱链，看到马桶在一阵水声后被冲得干干净净。不过，没证据表明女性会按照当初设计的方式去使用这些厕所。因为后来詹宁斯设法让自己设计的厕所成为主流时，却失败了。妇女们对这种想法很好奇，不过还没有好奇到去公共厕所方便的地步。在这些小隔间里，她们还是觉得自己很脆弱――赤身，有失体面，毫不安全。任何人只要看见你进入这个小隔间，就可以很详细地想象你在里面的所作所为。在那个时代，这会让人颜面尽失，因为那时女人被告知宁可让泥泞弄脏裙子，也不要提起裙子让陌生人瞅她们的小腿。女性卫生间没有得以普及，因为社会还没有做好接受的准备。

确实，除非女卫生间绝对必不可少，否则我们就不准备用。

20世纪初，女卫生间已有很多。但并不是大家突然一下子就接受了女性有消化道这一事实。女卫生间之所以出现，要归功于整个工业革命。更多的女性参加工作，对于社会大众来说，在家庭之外见到体面的女性变得司空见惯。但真正的变化发生于女性在历史上第一次开始享受购物之际。

工厂生产了更多的休闲产品――漂亮的布料、甜食及文具――这些都吸引了较富裕阶层的女性走出家门。她们想去购物、闲逛，也许想去参观正涌现出来的所有的新公园，甚至想去博物馆。外面的世界，以前基本上是只有男性的粪坑（并非比喻），如今却成了女性感到受欢迎的地方。

女性离开家门，出去逛街，但她们肯定不打算在街上小便。所以，为吸引女金主，私人企业甚至整个城市都开始建造舒适安全的区域，在那里女性可以“休息一下”。

但这并不是说没有鼓动者和活动家想有财务收益。像妇女卫生协会这样的机构就一直在发声呼吁。但是，的确，当他们的声音和收银机的声音相协调时，他们的想法似乎才变得易于接受了。

最显著的一点是，又过了好几十年，女卫生间才成为标配。数以百万计的人们曾对女性在公共场所小便感到惊骇愤慨，他们只能被另外一些人所取代，这些人对此不觉得有任何不妥。积极鼓吹新变化的正是那些新女性，她们在做她们祖母们根本不敢做的事情时没有任何不适。

先锋者固有的痛苦

如此说来，变性为女性的人又该何去何从呢？她们现在宁愿忍受女卫生间里鄙视的脸色，也不愿去男卫生间挨可能的拳头。她们很不幸，处在一个极端不公平的处境中。她们是先锋，而先锋从来没有轻松过。她们生活在一个还不能接纳她们的社会里，就像女卫生间曾经根本不存在，是因为社会还没做好准备让女性在公众场所小便。这听起来很荒谬，但事实如此。

但事情不会永远这样。旧的思想逐渐消失，新的思想不断扩散以满足人们的需求。

如果历史曾证明过一件事，那就是你不能迫使大多数人一夜之间就赞同你的想法。变化需要耐心。必须等待才能迎来公正，这令人无法容忍，但又绝对不可避免。所有的少数派和边缘群体都是经过缓慢的地位上升，最后才争取到公平，这一现象就反映了这一点。就像之前的所有外来人口一样，在被社会接受之前，可能要有好几十年的斗争、等待和巨大的痛苦。这不是恶人们造成的，而是人类社会的节奏。

1. partition [p?（r）?t??（?）n] n. 隔墙；隔板

2. transgender

[tr?ns?d?end?（r）]

adj. 变性的

3. dry goods：干货（如咖啡、面粉等）；纺织品

4. potty [?p?ti] n. 厕所

5. privy [&apos；pr?v?] n. （无冲洗设施的）厕所（尤指户外厕所）

6. latrine [l??tri?n] n. 简易厕所，茅坑

7. befoul [b?&apos；fa?l] vt. 弄脏

8. loo [lu?] n. 厕所，洗手间

9. lavatory [?l?v?tri] n. 厕所，盥洗室

10. cistern [?s?st?（r）n] n. 蓄水池；尤指（抽水马桶的）水箱

11. gawk [??k] vi. 呆呆地看着

12. confectionery [k?n?fek?（?）n?ri] n. 甜食；糖果

13. perambulate [p??r?mbj?le?t] vi. 漫步；溜弯

14. cesspit [?ses?p?t]

n. 污水坑；粪坑

15. salient [?se?li?nt] adj. 显著的；突出的

16. tribulation

[?tr?bj??le??（?）n]

n. 苦难；艰难