同位语与长难句分析讲练

时间:2022-10-09 11:43:56

同位语与长难句分析讲练

第一部分:同位语

一、同位语与其他从句的辨析

1. 同位语。当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的,那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。

如:Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉・迈尔,BBC的记者,要求采访。

Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁?

We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子,一个男孩和一个女孩。

引导同位语的词有下列几种情况:

1) 代词we, us, you等后接同位语。如:

She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。

He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。

2) 不定式用作同位语。如:

Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。

(to start the general attack与the order同位)

3) ing分词用作同位语。如:

Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。 (driving a track 与a job同位)

4) 形容词用作同位语。如:

He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书,古今中外都有。

People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。

5) none of us之类的结构用作同位语。如:

We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。

They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。

当然,同位语也可以是句子,即同位语从句。下列词后面常接同位语从句:fact, news, hope, thought, desire, proposal, doubt, truth, suggestion, question, problem, order, belief, fear, plan, rumor, opinion, possibility, advice, story, notice 等。同位语从句常由引导词that, whether和特殊疑问词等引导。如:

The belief that the company will make a great achievement is shared by everyone.

They are familiar with the opinion that all matter consists of atoms.

2. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别。

1) 意义的不同。

同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来;如:

They have received the news that he will come here. 他们收到了一个消息,这个消息说他要来这里。(news的内容就是that he will come,故that引导的是同位语从句)

They have received the news that he told us. 他们收到了他告诉我们的消息。(that从句是限制the news的内容的,故that从句为定语从句)

2) 引导词的不同。

引导定语从句的词是that, which, who, whom, whose, as, where, when, why等, 而what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句,但不引导定语从句。

3) 引导词功能上的不同。

that引导同位语从句时本身无词义,它不充当句子成分,但不可以省略,也不可用which 来替换;而that引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词,要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语,充当宾语时可以省略,有时还可以用which来引导。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。

4) 被修饰词语的区别。

同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限,通常有word, probability, hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外,when和where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;又如why引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词the reason,而它引导同位语从句时则不一定。如:

Ill never forget the days when I lived there. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)

We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题,为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)

3. 由whether引导同位语从句不可以用if替换。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答这个问题,是否同意这个问题。

另外,where, when, why, how, who, what等在引导同位语从句时,一般只用于I have no idea结构中,其实,这种类型的同位语从句应该列入宾语从句的范畴,因为I have no idea意思就是I dont know...;如:

I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.

4. 分离同位语从句。

同位语从句一般接在被解释的名词后面,但有时因谓语太短而分开。如:

A story goes that Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. 句中的 “... Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.” 是主语A story的同位语。由于该同位语较长而谓语较短,为保持句子平衡,谓语动词goes放在了主语与同位语从句之间,造成同位语从句与主语的分隔。

第二部分:巧析英语长难句

从2014年和前几年英语高考试题来着,英语长难句越来越多,对学生英语能力水平的考查呈上升趋势。长难句由于其结构复杂, 语句难懂等原因, 在学习过程中给大部分学生的学习带来了极大的阻碍。其实只要摆正心态并掌握一定的方法, 长难句还是较容易解决的。其实,再长的句子都可以回归为简单句。而英语中最常见的简单句的类型就是:主语+谓语+宾语或主语+系动词+表语。所谓长句只是在简单句的基础上把句子加长,比较常见的有如下几种情形:

1. 在主语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句;如:

Students who go abroad for further study often should have the ability to live independently. 这个句子的主语中心语是students, 主语之后是一个定语从句。

Reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted fortyfive miles south of London. 这个句子的主语中心语是reports, 中心语之后又嵌套了一个同位语从句,这个句子的特殊之处在于,由于主语部分太长,为了平衡句子,把整个句子的谓语放在了主语部分之前,主语的中心语之后。

2. 整个主语部分由一个句子充当,即主语从句;如:

That the ancient Egyptians actually sailed to South America remains uncertain.这个句子的主语是一个由that引导的完整的句子。

3. 在宾语的中心语上嵌套一个定语从句或者同位语从句;如:

I cherish the dream that one day I will be amply and justifiably rewarded as long as I work ceaselessly. 这个句子的宾语中心语是dream,宾语中心语与之后跟的是一个同位语从句。希望这个句子能成为每一位读者的信条。

4. 整个宾语部分由一个句子充当,即宾语从句;如:

The workers claimed that their legal rights should be guaranteed.本句是由一个句子充当了主句的宾语。

5. 以状语修饰主句谓语动词或者修饰整个句子,通常状语由副词、介词短语、分词、不定式或者一个句子(状语从句,非限制性定语从句)来充当;

Reconstructed with the aid of the money and enthusiasm of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Colonial Williamsburg is not only a brilliant example of an American style in historical monuments. 这个句子由分词引起前置状语,真正的主干是逗号之后的部分。

6. 插入语。插入语往往是对句子中的某一个词,某一个概念做一个补充说明。插入语的位置比较灵活,但它有明显的标志:即用两个逗号隔开或者两个破折号隔开;如:

Can deception―pretending that something is true when it is not―sometimes have good results?

这个句子在主语和谓语之间插入了一部份内容,它客观上影响了句子的理解。这一部分插入语的作用是对主语做出了进一步的解释。

巩固练习

一、翻译下列句子

1. 他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

2. 将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。

3. 我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。

4. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。

5. 这个是对还是错要看结果。

6. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。

7. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。

8. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。

二、分析典型长难句

1. This chance discovery ended a 12day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure―a 120page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan―“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.

2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face...

3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology (纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.

4. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. 牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家,他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期,他也有普通人所特有的弱点。

参考答案

一、

1. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.

2. The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

3. Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.

4. The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.

5. The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.

6. We heard the news that our team had won.

7. They expressed the wish that she accept the award.

8. The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.

二、

1.分析:第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian,谓语为told,第一个宾语为the magazine “American Libraries”,第二个宾语为宾语从句,此宾语从句的主语为This chance discovery,谓语即ended,后面宾语的中心词为a 12day search.

2.分析:The alarm had been raised为主句,because 引导一个原因状语从句,原因状语从句里又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。

3.分析:主语为Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark,主语中心词为Donald Louria,谓语为said,said后面都是省略了that的宾语从句,宾语从句的主语为advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology,主语中心词为advances,谓语为make,it为形式宾语,真正的宾语为that引导的宾语从句。

4.简析:夹杂两个定语从句。

(作者:康传桂,海安县李堡中学)

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