Risk of China Technology and Management Measures Under the background of Informa

Abstract. Technology risk is one of the important sources of risk in modern society. Their scientific and technological knowledge, development activities of science and technology and other uncertainty aspects is the reason of risk’s arising, achievements of scientific and technological is an inherent from technological reason; socialization process of scientific and technological activities, scientists utilitarian pursuit of scientific and technological activities, the process of science and technology society, which are basic conditions for technology risk incurred. Scientists’ self-restraint, public oversight, the government’s management and coordination approach to science and technology is a basic to control risk.

Keywords: Science and technology activities, risk, social control.

0. Introduction

High risk is one of the typical characteristics of modern society, and even sociologists suggested that modern society is called “risk society.” In analyzing the risks of modern society, the risk arising from technological activities has increasingly attracted people’s attention. Correct understanding of the root of technology risk, and be effective to control technology risk that is important theoretical and practical value.

1. Risk is an inherent property of scientific and technological activities

The so-called risk refers to during the process of decision-making and practices that exist in the body, and causing an uncertain damage to the value of the target body. The so-called technology risk, technology refers to the subject brought uncertainty damaging. Risk is an inherent property of science and technology activities, including the following aspects:

1.1 Scientific knowledge itself brings uncertainty risk

According to the traditional concept, science is the truth. However, according to Prigogine’s theory of dissipative structures, scientific laws only probability sense that the truth or deterministic, the laws of science is uncertain in nature. On the one hand, the whole world is infinite, the scope and practice of human cognitive ability is always limited, it is impossible to know exactly what the initial conditions are and the future of all information, human scientific knowledge has only relative with the truth or even wrong. In fact, use the knowledge that they think what is right or wrong that is not comprehensive to understanding to transform the world, and its potential dangers are enormous. On the other hand, the whole of nature is a system that linkages between the various components of the interaction. But science and technology activities confused world into parts and aspects to research and studies, sometimes they only see trees but not the forest. For example, chemical fertilizers crop just research how to prolific but did not notice the effects of long-term with use of fertilizers farmland ; pesticide chemical only study what kind of pesticide to kill pests effectively while not paying attention to it also kills beneficial insects, thus there are harmful effects on the whole ecological environment. Thus, science and technology can never be absolutely complete, technology risk is always there. If we ignore this risk, the technology seen as the perfect panacea to solve all the problems, human consciousness to the risk that will be paralyzed from the subjective, but from the objective, it caused damage aggravated that by the uncertainty.

1.2 Technology development activities exist risk

In the course of technological development activities, in addition to the uncertainty of scientific knowledge, there is uncertainty about the value of people. Technology risk will be revealed in the process of development and it is easier to lurking in technology products. For example, tetracycline alleviate the patient’s suffering that caused by inflammation, the scientists conducted a large number of scientific experiments and clinical trials, which make a good confirmation of tetracycline antibiotics. After the widespread application, it causes injury to a whole generation of people’s teeth. This injury stems from the risk of technology development activities. From the purpose of speaking, scientists have developed drugs to treat the disease without compromising human health; it is actually difficult to do. From the point of view of scientific knowledge, the scope and mechanism of action of drugs is complex, currently used by the vast majority of human beings that have a certain side effects with the degree of drug, and full of uncertainty, even scientists can not get complete knowledge, and they adequate predictability the results of the negative effects caused by the application.

1.3 Use of scientific and technological achievements arising risks

The process of artificial natural objects, format the artificial nature of human, and in the beginning, mankind will know that it could cause damage to the natural relationship between people and the coordination. However, based on the process of using technology those have effective control and assume. Mankind ignoring the problems raised by out of control technology, Conditions of effective control has three aspects: technical feasibility; unforeseen circumstances do not exist; main rational. Meet these three conditions is not an easy thing. For example, the history of establishing nuclear power plants that controlled by nuclear fission principle has not short, but the event resulting in a significant loss of control and injury that have occurred. Albert Einstein once said: “Science is a powerful tool for how to use it, or whether it is brought disaster or brings happiness, which all depends on the people themselves, rather than depending on the tool, knife in human life is useful, but it can also be used to kill them. Wiener, founder of cybernetics also believes that the development of technology, “good and evil are unlimited possibilities”, “new industrial revolution is a double edged sword, you can use to the benefit of mankind...... can also destroy mankind, if we do not use it sensibly, there may develop to this point. Imbalance of contemporary ecological, environmental pollution and other global issues, which is largely resulting from human’s improper application to technological achievements.

2. Characteristics of technology risk

Time of technology risk possible arising from science and technology in the research process, and may also be in the trial process of science and technology, the more it is in the practical application of science and technology: as a new risk, it also includes two-story meanings: First, risk does not appear in the past, such as the aerospace industry; Second, in the past, there have been some cases, but in others, but there have been a number of occasions and the risk has not been recognized before, such as electric mattress generation who do not sleep, there may be the risk of electric shock. Therefore, the definition of technology risk, it should be: As modern science and technology activities, their products brought unprecedented or have not been fully aware of the risks of various damage and may cause consequences for human society. According to the above definition, from a comprehensive history of the world's scientific and technological development and disaster history, technology risk has the following significant features:

2.1 Objective necessities

Although a series of incidents with high-tech science and technology activities reveals the amazing and a variety of potentially dangerous destructive, however, the human should make choices with lifestyle itself, which inextricably linked with modern technology, science and technology activities for benefit the bright future of mankind and it is so tempting, any country will not be give up the construction of nuclear power plants because of a "Chernobyl" incident, and humans are not stopped exploration of space because of the "challenger" explosion. Therefore, the development and progress of science and technology is an objective inevitable, then, technology risk as its byproduct, although there are occasional side at the individual, but bipartite various scientific activities and their products have been subjected to failure and frustration, but it is undeniable fact. Therefore, technology risk showed an objective necessity in general.

2.2 Relativity

Characteristics of technology risk is relative to performance: First, it is relative to other risks, despite the damage caused by the consequences that may be the same, but the reason vary from science and technology activities and technology products; Second, with respect to the technology risk that has been recognized, car accidents no longer as common technological risks.

2.3 Unpredictable nature

Technology cannot predict risk rather than other risks, even if the progress of science and technology development, people's understanding to it that is often difficult to keep pace with the development of technology risks. Such as military applications of nuclear technology will bring the destruction of human, organism’s autonomous genetic factors in the genetic engineering will bring vitality and what risks are also unpredictable so far.

2.4 Development

On the one hand, technology risk is mostly new risks, as long as the science and technology is still developing, technology risk will be endless, largely like aerospace flight, small as pressure cooker application, which indicate the risk evolving technology; on the other hand, the development of science and technology is endless and no peak, there will be no limit to technology risk, and with the development of science and technology it reach to a higher level, technological risks develop into more giant, even to the communist society, science and technology activities will likely bring out the disaster, the main risk is worth to attract the attention of human society.

2.5 Artificiality

Technology risk is due to brought by science, technology activities and their products, technology activities is a conscious act of human beings, and therefore, ultimately, the technology risk is man-made, that is human leads to balance the development of science and technology that brought byproducts, thus people skills, cognitive ability and responsibility are inseparable.

3. Control Technology Risk

Management control of technology risk is the necessary means to play the maximum utility of science and technology and to reduce risk, which includes micro-control and macro-control.

3.1 Macro Control of Risk Technology

Technological risks for macroeconomic control, governments should bear social responsibility. The Government should establish the appropriate technology decision-making bodies, scientific and technological activities bodies and oversight research and defense agency of technological risk. In parallel with the daily supervision and management, it can strive to do the following: give up or limit certain scientific and technological activities. Application of scientific and technological is necessity to achieve transform science and technology into productive forces, we have to promote and encourage scientific and technological achievements as early as possible, as soon as applied to human society, however, for some of the possible consequences of scientific and technological activities, you should give up; it should avoid damaging use or spread of technology products. If finger out here between countries and regions, between regional political and military disputes, the consequences of the use or spread are serious damage to technology products, as the war using nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, biological weapons, etc. which shall be strictly prohibited; Another example is the production of drugs in developed countries that can not be responsible for the spread to developing countries. Thus, in order to avoid damaging land use or spread of scientific and technological achievements, it can not only the conscious action of governments, but also the need for supervision and regulation of the international community; it should be carefully chosen to implement location.

3.2 Micro- control technology risks

Micro- control technology risk refers to the organizers of scientific and technological activities, the owner of the product or technology, implementers, managers’ control the risks related to science and technology, which should include the following: a planned development, applied science and technology. Any unit or organization engaged in scientific and technological activities, which should be based on their ability to develop the science and technology development, apply to programs and the various risk of technology activities consider as planning constraints or limiting factors. Efforts to improve the level of business technology professionals and experts should ensure the absolute leadership of the authority of science and technology activities. Science is the honest thing, any layman and risky behavior will lead to adverse consequences. Years past, we did a lot of ridiculous things, such as engaging in a kilograms, national iron and steel, in fact, which would increase the yield, the development of the steel industry and other scientific and technological activities will becomes arbitrary, it makes our country unaccountable damage. Thus, in the scientific and technological activities, it can not fill up by an outsider abuse pole. Only by striving to improve the technical level of scientific and technological activities, participants’ practical ability to ensure that experts are leading role in the organization of science and technology activities, in order to effectively promote the development of science and technology activities, it should avoid or reduce technology risk. Science and technology workers should strengthen Professional responsibility and job responsibility. Many accidents grid technology risk and technology workers are negligent or careless about the effect that historical experience and lessons that tell us those technology workers have both the “angel” and “devil” dual role.

4. Conclusion

Management of technology risk involves the problem of the management ideal, or called the political ideal. This ideal may be more focused on how to deal with the problem in the short term, rather than the development of a very long-term plan, but it is also very important. Although the advance stage can not always guarantee the future and thoroughly, but the real world is always ahead of them periodically. Let’s say we are talking about cars in the future that would like to be environmentally friendly, energy-saving direction, but it is not in one step, so the stage of emission is from Euro 2 standard to mention Euro 3, and to mention Euro 4, step by step. For the development and application of science and technology, the relevant departments in accordance with the development plan within a phase, through capital investment, institutional, legal and other means, which be guided by them. Risks can be minimized, but not completely eliminate, in fact, this is the eternal laws of development of a society and the emergence of new problems, and it continued to be addressed.

Therefore, in the development of science and technology treat the issue, the principle of prudence, and the principle of ethics based on long-term people-oriented principle, etc., the needs of the whole society are taken into account. If people can gradually form some consensus in these areas, then the development of science and technology will better serve humanity. Intertwined in various conflicts, people in the pursuit of the good, and in the pursuit of the truth, but this pursuit only ever achieved in a process and not once to achieved. Overall, the people themselves, to society, to the world ‘s knowledge is constantly conscious of the process, and this consciousness but also by various factors of cultural, institutional, social interest. Therefore, harmonious human society is not given the potential, and it is not a natural formation, but fight for the various contradictions. Development of science and technology is also bound to this process to go and to adjust.

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