Exploration on Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities under the Back

Abstract. The paper begins with uneven individual difference of students under the background of mass higher education and diversified needs of social development on talent， and explores the problems of hierarchical teaching under the background of mass higher education on the principle of student-centered， quality oriented， development-oriented and individualized instruction. This text summarizes current status of development of hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities， analyzes its necessity and validity and proposes concrete strategies.

Key words： higher education， the background of mass， hierarchical teaching， exploration

Traditional higher education judges students of different characteristics and levels on absolute and fixed quality standard of talent， leading to contradiction between uniform teaching mode and uniform teaching mode， which demands us to update the concept of education and teaching and explore personnel training mode and teaching and management mode adapting to the new situation. Thus hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities under the background of mass higher education comes into being.

1 Summary on Current Status of Development of Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities

Our country began to value and develop hierarchical teaching in middle nineties last century. With the implementation of nine-year compulsory education and the introduction of modern education thought and teaching experience， many large and secondary schools have adopted the strategy of hierarchical teaching and achieved significant achievement.

In 2000， hierarchical teaching began to be valued in China. Research and reform practice of hierarchical teaching in university mathematics education（ item code B0101） is cited as the classification of research and practice of training program on professional talents and comprehensive reform on series courses in the educational reform programs of higher education in the beginning of 21 century. Due to guiding role of national policies and new situation of mass education stage， Nanjing University of Science & Technology implemented hierarchical teaching in physics teaching in1997 and achieved satisfactory and outstanding achievement， and the program won the second prize of national teaching achievement. In 2001， East China Normal University researched and practiced hierarchical teaching in mathematics. Harbin University of Science and Technology explored and implemented the new mode of hierarchical management， hierarchical teaching and strengthening personality education aiming at new characteristics of students structure after the expansion of enrollment， and invested 2 million on the reform pilot in 2004.

2 Analysis on Necessity of Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities

2.1 Requisitions to narrow the gap among college students

Firstly， individual difference of students exists objectively， which includes intellectual difference and non- intelligence difference There exists a remarkable lag between each individual in congenital disposition potential， character， ambitions and hobbies. Secondly， the difference of basic education level caused by the imbalance of economic development in every area is very big， which serves to further aggravate the difference among students brought by expansion. Thirdly， due to the expansion of enrollment in Colleges and Universities， the effect of college entrance examination on selecting students weakens， and students with different quality in each aspect pour into colleges and universities. Lastly， colleges and universities adopted the principle of enrolling students according to score segments of the college entrance examination scores， which is a factor to cause

the principle of enrolling students according to score segments of the college entrance examination scores adopted by colleges and universities， which cause the widening gap among students. Therefore， hierarchical teaching can narrow the difference among students， and improve the growth of all students.

2.2 Needs to promote all-round development of college students

Education should promote all-round development of every student， that is， the development of mind and body， intelligence， sensitivity， aesthetic consciousness， personal responsibility and spiritual value. With the help of the education received in their youth， making every student develop the ideology with independence and critical spirit， and cultivating their own judgment， which helps them to decide to do what he thinks right in different situations of life.

2.3 Needs to implement full-scale quality education

Quality education has the epochal connotation of adapting to social development. Firstly， quality education is the education to face all the students. The government and administrative department for education should make efforts to provide equitable education for all school-aged children and teenagers. Secondly， quality education is the education to promote all-round development of students. Quality education advocates that education should cultivate citizens with reasonable quality structure who own sound physiological quality， psychological diathesis， ideological standards and cultural quality. Thirdly， quality education is the education to promote the development of healthy personality of students. One of the objectives to implement quality education is giving students time and space to exercise talents and abilities， which promotes their hobbies and interests to develop towards right direction.

2.4 Needs to increase the quality of mass higher education

The expansion of higher education is good， and higher education in our country develops from

elite education to mass education. However， in the process of expansion， the government， society and schools spares no effort to raise funds and mine potential， but the needs of development still can't be followed. The most obvious manifestation is that the per capita land area， per capita housing area of teaching administration， per capita library materials and per capita teaching instrument and equipment decreased differently， which makes the increase of higher education quality lack of necessary material assurance.

2.5 Needs to prevent internal contradictions of development in universities

On one hand， higher education should adapt to the needs of market economy， knowledge economy， integration of world economy and socialist modernization of our country， take the quality of talent cultivation as the lifeblood of survival and development for schools and make the reform of teaching method and the increase of teaching standard as eternal theme of school work. The fundamental task is to cultivate senior innovative talents for society. On the other hand， teaching ability of school， education theory and students' subjective possibility influences and limits the completion of teaching task， and develops internal contradictions of development in universities. Hierarchical teaching is beneficial to sole the problem.

3 Analysis on Effectiveness of Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities

I consulted related data in dean's office of Shanghai University Of i， and visited some leafers， teachers and students of management college， mechanical college and optoelectronics college. And I applied the method of combining random sampling with stratified sampling to give a questionnaire survey to the students of 03 and 04 grade in 3 colleges. Issuing 100 peices of questionnaire in the progressive class， 95 pieces were retrieved and 91 were effective. Issuing 100 pieces in regular classe， 94 pieces were retrieved and 90 pieces were effective.

3.1 Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities stimulates learning potential of students

The essence of hierarchical teaching is to face all the students， admit individual difference and develop students' speciality by teaching students in accordance with their aptitude according to the demands of quality education. Progressive class mechanism has stronger competition and mobility， which not only brings pressre on the students in progressive classes， but also can bring hope for students in regualar classes and achieves beneficial result of progressive classes and regular classes （ see Table 1 and Table 2）. It endeavours to create study environment which is the most suitable for his own learning for every student， which mobilizes greately most of the students to study positivly and actively（ see Tabke3）. and develops their learning potential （see Table 4）.

Table 1 Statistical table of response degree on study initiative for the students in progressive classes after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table 1 indicates that the reform measure is popular with students in progressive classes.

Table 2 Statistical table of response degree on study initiative for the students in

Table 2 shows that reform measure not only is popular with students in progressive classes， but also receives favorable impression on students in regular classes

Table 3 Statistical table of response degree on study initiative for all the students after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table3 indicates that the implementation of hierarchical teaching in universities mobilizes positive and active learning for most student.

Table4 List of pass rate of Advanced Calculus scores in each class of foundation college during 2002～2003

The source of data is dean's office in Shanghai University ofTechnology

Table 4 indicates that progressive classes mechanism has stronger competition and mobility， which can motivate learning potential of students.

3.2 Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities promotes the improvement of students' cultural quality

With gradual implementation of hierarchical teaching， the practice of competition and learning springs up in each college even in the whole university （see Table 5）. Emergency of favorable style of study promotes the improvement of students' cultural quality， which is represented by progress of students' grades （see Table 5）.

Table5 Statistical table of response degree on study ethos of all the students after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table5 indicates that study ethos becomes stong or is changing after implementing hierarchical teaching.

Table 6 Statistical table of response degree on academic performance of all the students after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table 6 indicates that students' academic performance improves in different degree after implementing hierarchical teaching.

3.3 Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities promotes the improvement of students' ideological quality

Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities not only promotes the progress of study atmosphere and improves students' academic performance and cultural quality， but also promotes the improvement of students' ideological quality. The following data can be as the evidence：

Foundation College has 23 official student Party members and probationary Party members， in which 11 members studies in DJ class accounting for 50% of the number of student Party members. There are 466 students in the college submitting Party membership application， in which 162 studies in DJ class. There are 553 students in DJ class， and the students submitting Party membership application accounts for 30%. There are 67 classes relating to DJ class in the college， in which there are more than 400 class leaders. And nearly half of the class leaders study in DJ class.

3.4 Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities promotes the improvement of students' psychological quality

Firstly， hierarchical teaching can make students face the hierarchy in which the students find themselves with open mentality. Regardless of A layer ， B layer or C layer which they are in， they are neither overbearing nor improperly belittle oneself. Secondly， hierarchical teaching strengthens students' competitive consciousness. The students in layer A do not take things as they are， and have a sense of crisis. The The students in layer C admit difference， fall behind for the time being but has enterprising spirit. The students in layer B are in the middle reaches， but are not resigned to mediocrity and have plenty of fight. Secondly， hierarchical teaching cultivate students' love and friendship spirit of helping each other and collective consciousness of common progress. Hierarchical teaching can form the situation of comparison， learn， catch， help and surpass among students. The students in layer C and layer B continue to enter layer B and layer A， which makes layer B and layer A grow steadily.

3.5 Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities promotes the improvement of teaching quality

It is affirmative that the grade of DJ classes is excellent， but the performance of regular classes is satisfactory. The refrom measure not only makes the improvement on study atmosphere and teaching atmosphere （see Talbe 7 and Talbe 8）， but also improves the teaching quality in Shanghai University of Technology （see Table 9）.

Talbe 7 Statistical table of response degree of all the students on teachers' teaching enthusiasm

Talbe 7 indicates that teachers' teaching enthusiasm becomes high or is changing after implementing hierarchical teaching.

Table 8 Statistical table of response degree of all the students on teachers' teaching methods after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table 8 shows that teacher's teaching methods are improved in different degree after implementing hierarchical teaching.

Table 9 Statistical table of response degree of all the students on teaching quality after implementing hierarchical teaching

Table 9 indicates that teaching quality has improvement in different degree after implementing hierarchical teaching.

4 Develoment of hierarchical teaching in

colleges and universities

4.1 Selecting excellent teachers according to the needs of hierarchical teaching

First of all， requiring teachers to have modern view about students which means basic evaluation of educators on students' role positioning and intelligent status. The concept has stronger guiding significance on hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities， because hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities is a teaching strategy to acknowledge students' individual differences and to respect the subject position of the students. Teachers in colleges and universities are in charge of the task to cultivatesenior specialized talents with innovation spirit and practice ability. If the teachers didnt have modern view about students， they were not worthy of this task. Secondly， requiring teachers to have modern view about Knowledge and quality which concerns how to treat the kmowlege taught in schoo and how to evaluate quality of students. Thirdly， requiring teachers to have view of multiple roles. Facing the new century， it is not enough to only be a traditional gardener. Lastly， requiring teachers to have the concept of innovation education. Knowledge economy is a kind of innovation economy， which requires inevitablly hierarchical education is innovation education.

4.2 Setting curriculum according to the characteristics of hierarchical teaching

The curriculum should fulfil the new achievement of hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities. There is relations between smooth implementation of hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities and setting and reform of curriculum. Deepening education and teaching practice make people realize that curriculum revolution is the core of reform of education and teaching and that curriculum should conform to the trend of modern higher education. Hierarchical teaching in colleges and universities is a reform to conform to new situation of mass education and the trend of modern education development. Implementing the reform smoothly requires curriculum to keep up with the trend of modern higher education. Curriculum construction should develop basic knowledge actively， pay attention to people's development in the round， return to life of the students timely for the disign and lay emphasis on students' ability.

4.3 Establishing quality evaluation system of hierarchical teaching

Firstly， Cognizing the property of the teachers' work. Only paying attention to the teachers from the bottom of the heart can change the status of low position for teachers in depth， and can arouse teacher's enthusiasm and initiative for education innovation. Secondly， making education methods creative. Beacuse the way of scientific thinking contains tremendous intellectual value， and is more important than certain professional knowledge and skills somtimes. Thirdly， promoting balanced development of intelligence factors and non-intelligence factors.With the development of modern science and technology， the deeper the cultural background of the people， the more strongly the comprehensive ability， which is more easy to enter frontiers of science. And the possibility to make a significant scientific discovery and invention becomes greater. Lastly， promoting comprehensive and harmonious development of students. Students' development includes not only comprehensive development of ethics， intellect， physique， social skills and aesthetics， but also full development of personality.

References

[1]Mafei： Theoretical Research on Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities[J].Chinese Adult Education 8 （2011）.

[2] He Hong， Li Zheng： Exploration on Personnel Training Mode of Hierarchical Teaching in Colleges and Universities[J].Chinese Adult Education 5 （2011）.

[3] Yang Xiaoping， Yu Jun： Deepening Hierarchical Teaching to Improve Teaching Quality of University Mathematics[J]. University Teaching in China 3 （2006）.

[4] Yao Limin： Comment on Teaching Method in Colleges and Universities[J].Education Science in Universities 2 （2010）.

[5] Yao Limin： Analysis on Teaching Status in Colleges and Universities[J].Exploration on Higher Education 8 （2007）.