破解“情态动词+havedone”的用法

时间:2022-09-24 08:33:13

请同学们先看看下面这道题并完成句子:

Most believe he _____ for England last week, but for a serious injury which put him out of football. (play)

解析:考查but for含蓄条件虚拟语气,题干中有last week,可知是对过去情况的虚拟。句意为:“多数人认为,要不是受了重伤而告别足球,上周他本会为英格兰踢球的。”因此正确答案是could / would have played。

“情态动词+have done”结构是历年高考试题中的必考项,也是同学们常常容易混淆的考点之一。近年来,“情态动词+have done”结构的试题新颖,而且有效的信息越来越隐蔽,综合性也越来越高,无疑增加了考题的难度。因此,仔细区别具有相同功能的、意思相近的情态动词的用法,是突破这一难点的有效措施。

简单来说,“情态动词+have done”这一结构有两大功能:一是表示推测,二是表示虚拟。

1.“ must+ have done”表示对过去情况的肯定推测,用于肯定句中,意为“一定做过某事”。

例1 The children _____ in the woods;otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled. (get lost)

解析:句意为:“孩子们一定是在树林里迷路了,不然按照计划他们应该已经在湖边了。”从句中有would have been,可知与过去事实相反,前面应用“情态动词+完成式”,因此答案是must have got lost。

例2 Harry is feeling uncomfortable. He _____ too much at the party last night. (drink)

解析:句意为:“哈利感觉不舒服,他一定是在昨晚的聚会上喝多了。”第一句中的is feeling是陈述现在的事实。第二句中有last night,表明是对过去事情的肯定推测,因此答案是must have drunk。

2. could have done用于肯定句中,表示对过去情况的推测,意为“本来可以做某事”,亦可以表示“可能已经做过某事”。would have done用于肯定句中,也表示对过去情况的推测,意为“可能会做某事”或“过去常常做某事”。

例3 Sorry, Cathy, I didn’t know that you were badly short of money then. But you _____ me for help. (ask)

解析:句意为:“对不起,凯瑟,我不知道你当时急需用钱,但是你本可以向我求助的。”从didn’t可知是对过去事情的虚拟,用could have done表示“本可以做某事”。因此,本题答案是could have asked。

例4 My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who _____ it?(take)

解析:句意为:“我的书――《哈迪斯的房子》,不见了。可能是谁拿走了呢?”此处用could have done表示“可能做了某事”。因此答案为could have taken。

例5 People are recycling many things which they _____ away in the past. (throw)

解析:句意为:“人们正在回收利用他们过去常常会扔掉的东西。”此处用would have done表示“过去常常做某事”,是对过去发生的事情的推测。因此,本题答案是would have thrown。

例6 They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they _____ to our help.(come)

解析:句意为:“在我们进行调查的那几个月里,他们出国了,不然他们会来帮忙的。”从when we were可知是对过去事情的推测,此处用would have done表示“可能会做某事”。因此,本题答案为would have come。

3. can / could not have done表示对过去发生事情的怀疑或否定,意为“不可能做过某事”,通常用在否定句或者疑问句中。

例7 ―Why are your eyes so red? You _____ well carried last night.

―Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report. (sleep)

解析:句意为:“你的眼睛为什么这么红?你昨晚肯定没睡好。”“是的,我熬夜写报道到很晚。”从last night可知是对过去事情的推测,此处用can’t / couldn’t have done表示过去不可能做了某事。因此,答案是can’t / couldn’t have slept。

4. may / might have done表示对过去事情的推测,意为“可能做过某事”。might表示的可能性比may弱,语气比较委婉。

例8 It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones; he _____ in planning the monument,or in helping transport and pull up the stones. (have a hand)

解析:句意为:“很可能巨石阵的国王与这些石头有关,他可能参与设计了这座纪念碑或者帮助运输和抬高石头。”从was linked可知是对过去的推测,此处用may / might have done表示“可能做过某事”。因此,本题答案是may / might have had a hand。

5. should / ought to have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上没有做,含有责备的意味。shouldn’t / ought not to have done表示过去本不应该做某事而实际上做了。

例9 You _____ to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence?(come)

解析:句意为:“昨天你本该来开会。你缺席的原因是什么?”从yesterday可知此处是对过去事情的虚拟,此处用should have done表示过去本来应该做某事而实际上没有做。因此,本题答案是should have come。

6. needn’t have done 表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了。

例10 The weather turned out to be fine yesterday, I _____ my umbrella with me. (carry)

解析:句意为:“昨天的天气结果是很好的,我本不需要那么麻烦带上雨伞。”从yesterday可知是对过去情况的虚拟,此处用needn’t have done表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了。因此,本题答案是needn’t have carried。

小试牛刀

1. ―Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.

―You _____ it in the wrong place.(put)

2. You _____ a taxi here, for it was very near to my house.(take)

3. Linda told me that she cried a lot while she was living in the village alone. She _____ through a lot of hardships.(go)

4. Mr. Black had known the truth of the car accident before you told him, so you _____ him about it.(tell)

5. I saw Mr. Wang just now. He _____ to Beijing.(go)

参考答案

1. might have put

2. needn’t have taken

3. must have gone

4. needn’t have told

5. couldn’t have gone

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