如何判断非谓语动词的形式

时间:2022-09-23 04:31:28

在句中充当除谓语以外句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。

一、非谓语动词的主要形式

(一)动词不定式

(二)动名词/现在分词

(三)过去分词本身(done)表示被动和完成

二、非谓语动词在具体语境下的形式判断

(一)动词不定式形式的判断

1.不定式表示将来

例1 The airport _______ next year will help promote tourism in this area.

A. being completed B. to be completed

C. completed D. having been completed

【解析】选B。句意:明年将竣工的机场将有助于促进该地区的旅游业。根据句中的时间状语及句意可知,非谓语动词表示将来和被动,因此选动词不定式的被动形式,作后置定语。

2.不定式表示目的

例2 I stopped the car _______ a short break as I was feeling tired.

A. take B. taking C. to take D. taken

【解析】选C。句意:我停下车来休息一会儿,因为我感觉累了。此处动词不定式表示目的,因此选C。

3.不定式表示结果

例3 Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _______ his plane high up in the sky.

A. finding B. to find

C. being found D. to have found

【解析】选B。句意:汤姆乘的士赶到机场,结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已经起飞了。此处only后接动词不定式,表示意想不到的结果,因此选B。

(二)动名词形式的判断

1. 动名词作主语

例4 _______ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

A. Known B. Having known

C. Knowing D. Being known

【解析】选C。句意:了解急救的基础知识将有助于你快速应对突发事件。此句谓语为will help,因此所选非谓语动词作主语,而且说明一般事实,表示主动,因此使用动名词的一般式knowing。having known为动名词的完成式,being known为动名词的被动式。

2. 动名词作宾语

例5 One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.

A. corrects B. correct

C. to correct D. correcting

【解析】选D。句意:人们通过犯错误和改正错误来学习语言。句中making与correcting为并列结构,作介词by的宾语。

(三)过去分词形式的判断

1. 过去分词作定语

例6 You cannot accept an opinion _______ to you unless it is based on facts.

A. offering B. to offer

C. having offered D. offered

【解析】选D。句意:你不能主动接受别人给你的意见,除非这种意见是建立在事实基础之上的。opinion与动词offer之间为被动关系,因此用过去分词,作后置定语。

例7 After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _______.

A. providing B. provided

C. having provided D. provide

【解析】选B。句意:填好表格并签名后,请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。此处provided与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系,在句中作定语,相当于which is provided。providing表示主动,having provided表示主动和完成。

2. 过去分词作状语

例8 There are some health problems that,when _______ in time,can become bigger ones later on.

A. not treated B. not being treated

C. not to be treated D. not have been treated

【解析】选A。句中分词作状语可以看成状语从句的省略,由于非谓语动词的逻辑主语即为主句的主语health problems,而且它们之间的关系为被动关系,所以用过去分词。

3. 过去分词作宾语补足语

例9 When we saw the road _______ with snow,we decided to spend the holiday at home.

A. block B. to block

C. blocking D. blocked

【解析】选D。句意:当看到道路被积雪堵塞时,我们决定在家度假。非谓语动词作宾语补足语,而且与宾语之间为被动关系,构成see sth. done结构,因此选D。

例10 Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car _______.

A. washed B. wash

C. washing D. to wash

【解析】选A。句意:在驱车进城之前,你必须将你的车洗了。使役动词get后接的宾语car与作宾语补足语的动词wash之间为被动关系,构成短语get sth. done,因此选A。

(四)现在分词形式的判断

1. 现在分词作定语

例11 Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _______ for her.

A. waited B. to wait

C. waiting D. was waiting

【解析】选C。句意:劳拉在巴黎呆了一周多,当她到家后,有一堆邮件在等着她。由于wait与mail之间为主动关系且表示状态,所以用现在分词,作后置定语。

2. 现在分词作状语

例12 _______ the course very difficult,she decided to move to a lower level.

A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found

【解析】选B。句意:由于发现该课程很难,她决定转到低一水平的课程。由于非谓语动词与逻辑主语she之间为主动关系且作原因状语,所以用现在分词。

3. 现在分词作宾语补足语

例13 The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _______ them.

A. to follow B. following

C. followed D. follows

【解析】选B。句意:这对老夫妇经常在晚饭后在公园散步,他们的宠物狗跟在后面。介词with后面的宾语pet dog与补足语follow构成主谓关系,说明一种状态且表示主动,因此用现在分词。

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