时间：2022-09-18 12:18:18
4.2.3 Strengthening the regional cooperation and enhancing the comprehensive competitiveness
We should strengthen the regional cooperation, the cities can exchange information and make the complementary advantages to form the regional advantages to have the "1 + 1 > 2" effect to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of the industrial cluster.
5. Conclusion
This paper makes the quantitative analysis from the regional concentration degree and market concentration degree of industry through using the absolute concentration index and Gini coefficient and makes the qualitative analysis on the industrial cluster in Liaoning province at the same time. It finds the development degree of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province is still relatively low and it remains to be further developed.
6. Acknowledgement
This research was financially supported by the social science plan fund project of Liaoning province in 2013 (The present situation evaluation and expectation of the industrial cluster of Liaoning province, the project approval number L13WTB005).
References
[1] Ling Wang, The development strategy study on the industrial cluster of Liaoning province[J], Foreign Economic Relations & Trade of Heilongjiang Province, 2009 (6).
[2] Yanbao Sun, The industrial clustering development research of Liaoning old industrial base[J], The Economic Perspectives, 2010 (22).
[3] Yunjun Ma, The cluster development research on the small and medium-sized enterprises in Liaoning province[J], The Theoretical Circle, 2010 (4).
[4] Ningshun Li, The development current situation preliminary study on the small and medium-sized enterprise industrial cluster of Liaoning province[J]. Science and Technology Management Research, 2011.
摘 要：中高职课程衔接既是现代职业教育体系建设的核心，也是其基础。中高职课程体系衔接模式要基于以下五方面进行选择：以职业生涯为目标，明确中高职教育衔接的专业定位；以工作任务为引领，确定中高职教育衔接的课程设置；以职业能力为核心，确立中高职教育衔接的课程内容；以典型服务为载体，设计中高职教育衔接的教学活动；同时，以岗位标准为参照，强化中高职教育衔接的技能训练。
关键词：中职；高职；课程体系；衔接；选择
中图分类号：G710 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-9255（2014）01-0057-04
高等职业教育是高中或中职教育阶段后的教育，属于承接义务教育、中职教育的教育类别，与经济社会发展联系最为紧密。中高职院校必须对新技术发展趋势保持敏锐态度，职业教育课程开发者必须意识到学生的可流动性，即中职学生从中职学校向高职院校、接受成人教育、社会培训转移；高职学生从职业院校向高等院校转移，还可以从一所职业院校向另一所职业院校转移，甚至从一个国家向另一个国家转移。所以，中国现代职业教育要实现体系化――中高本硕贯通，课程开发必须要兼顾全球化发展趋势，从课程体系有机衔接作为切入点。中高职课程体系的衔接应该根据专业特点，以专业人才培养目标和培养规格为依据，从课程结构、课程设置、课程内容等多个维度，研究中高职课程体系衔接框架，基于以下方面完善自身路径选择。
一、以职业生涯为目标――明确中高职
教育衔接的专业定位
中高职教育均属于职业教育的范畴，因此培养目标既存在一致性又存在差别性，这就要求准确清晰地界定中职教育与高职教育的培养规格和主要任务。针对高中阶段的中职教育主要培养的是操作技能型人才；针对专科或本科阶段的高职教育主要培养的是技术技能型人才；本科后的高职教育主要培养的是高级技术技能型人才。中高职院校人才培养、专业定位、教学条件等方面一定要以学生的职业生涯为目标进行整体设计，中高职教育专业目录要根据经济社会发展需要合理衔接，中职教育注重培养学生基础的技能和简单的理论知识，而高职教育应当考虑在中职教育基础上，给予学生更高的专业技能、实践技能和更完善的综合知识，兼顾面向职业培养目标的一致性，又体现综合素质培养目标的层次性和差别性，实现学生从初级、中级到高级的有序的职业岗位的升级，从而合理规划自身的职业生涯。同时应当赋予高职院校更多的任务，使得高职院校既能成为技术技能型人才的人才源，又能成为应用技术的技术源，还能成为技术革新和技术改良的创新源。例如，会计专业的职业范围包括各类工商企业、会计师事务所、审计事务所等中介机构和基层部门等。职业岗位涉及一是初级岗位（收银员、资金核算员、成本核算员等）；二是发展岗位（各类工商企业的会计主管等，在会计师事务所、审计事务所等中介机构从事财务核算和审计助理等工作）；三是相关岗位（隶属其它基层部门的相关的经济管理工作）。其专业按照会计职业岗位群而设置，实现从收银员、营业员上岗证书、会计职业资格证书和统计从业资格证书、助理会计师资格证书、会计师资格证书的职业生涯路径的选择。
二、以工作任务为引领――确定中高职
教育衔接的课程设置
中高职院校的课程设置应破除学科体系的束缚，按照行业企业职业岗位（群）或者技术领域的真实需要，以工作过程为导向、以工作任务为引领重新构建课程改革的思路，课程体系主体结构由公共基础课程、专业技术平台课程、专业技术方向课程、综合实践、素质拓展五个部分组成。公共基础课程旨在中高职学生基本科学文化素养的养成，并为其未来的专业学习和终身教育奠定坚实基础。[1]专业技术平台课程尤其其中的专业核心课程是实现中高职人才培养目标，保证中高职专业人才培养规格和培养目标的核心内容和基础。专业技术方向课程是根据专业所处的方向，培养中高职学生专业方向所具备的专业独有技能、实践能力和专业知识，重点构建“岗位课程+职业资格认证课程+专业方向课程”的专业课程体系。综合实践旨在完成中高职院校学生的专业认知、毕业设计（论文）完成和顶岗实习等活动。素质拓展旨在开阔中高职院校学生的视野、广泛参与假期教学和第二课堂等校内和校外社会活动等。
中高职院校的课程设置要根据学生的不同特点弹性和动态调整，要结合不同区域经济社会的需要合理安排，既要考虑课程设置的科学性与严肃性，还要考虑课程具体实施过程中的普适性与针对性。职业教育作为一种类型教育，中高职教育只是层次之分，它不同于社会培训，课程设置要体现学生知识和技能的培养，要体现科学合理、严谨有序，要根据不同区域、经济社会不同发展阶段要求，不断予以更新、创造和完善。在具体实施过程中可以考虑单独编制中高职一体“实验班”课程标准，解决课程重复设置问题，教材选用应按照培养目标要求有所侧重。
三、以职业能力为核心――确立中高职
教育衔接的课程内容
中高职教育作为同一类型的教育，虽然培养学生的学历层次水平不同，但在研究课程内容时都需要有充分的市场调研，根据学生未来成长需要，以工作岗位的典型职业活动、工作过程为导向，以综合职业能力（专业基本技能、专业发展能力和社会适应能力）为核心，融入职业资格标准，合理构建中高职教育衔接的课程体系。中高职教育衔接课程内容的设计主要在公共基础课程和专业核心课程，其中专业核心课程是重点和难点。[2]
在公共基础课程的设计上，中职阶段公共基础课程主要包括德育、数学、语文、英语、计算机应用基础、体育等课程，课程内容的选择和课时的确定，应该按照教育部颁布的中职公共基础课程教学大纲要求来实施，充分考虑学生毕业后升入高职院校学习的需要。高职阶段公共基础课程主要包括思想道德修养与法律基础、思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概要、形势与政策（讲座）、大学生就业与创业指导、普通话、大学英语、计算机文化基础、大学语文或应用写作、体育等课程，在坚持整体素质提高的基础上注意兼顾学生个性。
（1. Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi City Liaoning Province 117004, China;
2. Nandi Subdistrict Office, Mingshan District, Benxi City Liaoning Province 117004, China）
Abstract. In order to promote the healthy and rapid development of industrial cluster in Liaoning province, this paper makes the quantitative analysis from the regional concentration degree and market concentration degree of industry, carries out the analysis evaluation on the current situation of industrial cluster in Liaoning province through combining the qualitative analysis and puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations.
Key words: Industrial cluster, Current situation evaluation, Regional cluster degree, Market concentration degree.
The term "industrial cluster" was first proposed by American expert Michael Porter in 1990 and it refers to the industry growth phenomenon that the same industry is highly concentrated in a particular area. The development of industrial cluster in Liaoning province is rapid in recent years, the industrial cluster has also taken shape, especially Liaoning province people's government promulgated several opinions on promoting the development of industrial cluster in 2011. The industrial cluster promotes the optimization and adjustment of economic structure in Liaoning province and it has become an important force to promote the economic development of Liaoning province.
1. The current situation of the industrial cluster of Liaoning province
The industrial cluster of Liaoning province takes shape during the period of "11th five-year plan" from the point of scale and it gets the rapid development during the period of "12th five-year plan". At present, the industrial cluster of Liaoning province accounts for 50% of the province's industrial economy. The sales revenue of the key industrial cluster of Liaoning province was 2.3258 trillion yuan in 2012, the cluster of sales revenue which is over ten billion yuan increased from 55 to 75 in 2011 in Liaoning province, among them more than one hundred billion yuan reached four, such as Shenyang Dadong Car, Tiexi Equipment Manufacturing, Dalian Software and Information Technology, Panjin Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Industry.
The industrial cluster of Liaoning province is mainly concentrated in three areas, they are the resource exploitation and processing industry, equipment manufacturing industry and high-tech industry from the point of industry distribution. The equipment manufacturing industry occupies the most in the key industrial cluster and it accounts for 36.7% of the total amount of the industrial cluster. The equipment manufacturing industry includes the aviation manufacturing, auto parts processing, ship industry, electronic products, etc. At the same time, the petrochemical industry, metallurgical industry, building materials, agricultural product processing industry, textile industry, marine industry and energy industry account for more. Most of these industrial cluster adheres to the principle of comparative advantage and they are developed mainly around the area dominant advantage industry.
2.3 Setting up the evaluation system of the industrial cluster
We construct the evaluation system of the industrial cluster by using the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis. Among them, we make the quantitative analysis on the enterprise cluster degree and the regional cluster degree mainly by the absolute concentration index and the Gini coefficient and make the qualitative analysis on the industrial cluster of Liaoning province to determine the evaluation indexes. The main evaluation indexes are: the absolute concentration index, the Gini coefficient, the proportion of the industrial cluster above the scale, etc.
3. The positive analysis on the industrial cluster ofLiaoning province
3.1 The data description
This paper adopts the national economy industry classification system (GB/T4754-2002) in 2004 as the classification basis, regards the industrial enterprise of independent accounting as the research object, the sample data are from Liaoning Statistics Yearbook (2003-2013) and the relevant time series data are gotten through the collection.
3.2 The enterprise cluster analysis
According to the industrial statistics of Liaoning province in 2013, the sales data that are in front of four in 14 cities of Liaoning province are selected. The CR4 is 9.1% and the CR8 is 12.7% from the provincial level, they are in the competitive structure and the industrial organization is loose. The absolute concentration index CR4 which is greater than 30% is the Panjin city, Fushun city, Benxi city, Dandong city and Fuxin city, they are the oligarchic monopoly market structure and the enterprise concentration is higher.
3.3 The regional cluster analysis
This paper takes the number of the enterprise of 14 cities of Liaoning province in 2012 as samples and we get the Gini coefficient of the industrial regional concentration of Liaoning province is 0.0164, thus it can be seen that the industrial regional concentration of Liaoning province is not high.
4. The result analysis
4.1 The research conclusion
Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the development of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province, we can draw the following conclusion:
4.1.1 The regional cluster feature is not obvious
The Gini coefficient of the spatial concentration of the industry of Liaoning province is 0.0164 in 2013 through the analysis. It shows that industrial regional concentration feature of Liaoning province is not very obvious. But it can be seen from the results of the analysis that the industry of some cities in Liaoning province is relatively developed, such as Shenyang city and Dalian city, accounting for 26.3% and 20.6%. It also reflects the industrial cluster of Liaoning province is in the stage of gradual development from another angle.
4.1.2 The enterprise concentration degree is low
The number of the industrial enterprise in Liaoning is more than 17347 in 2013 and the absolute concentration index is CR4 = 9.1%, CR8 = 12.7%. This reflects that the enterprise concentration degree of the industry of Liaoning province is low. However, part of the city's industrial enterprise concentration degree is higher from the point of the city, such as Benxi city, Panjin city, Dandong city and Fuxin city.
4.1.3 The industrial cluster scale is small
Currently 63% industrial cluster scale in Liaoning province is concentrated within the range of one to ten billion yuan, the average industrial cluster size is only 3 billion yuan. Some enterprises in the industrial cluster are mostly the enterprises of low level and small scale, many of them are developed from rural or villages and towns. The small and medium-sized enterprises do not grasp the core technology and the level of overall development is low, so it restricts the development of the industrial cluster of Liaoning province to a great extent.
4.1.4 The industrial cluster development is unbalanced
The industrial cluster of Liaoning province is in a growth process, different industry cluster or different cities and industrial cluster development level is unbalanced. The development situation of Shenyang city and Dalian city is good; Benxi city and Yingkou city have completed the first phase of the industrial cluster and they are at the turning stage of mechanism innovation; Some other areas are in the initial concentration of the cluster.
4.2 The policy suggestions
4.2.1 Adjusting measures to local conditions and cultivating the leading industry
We should select the dominant industry with the growth trend and driving effects based on the regional resource conditions, the law of development, the production technology level and the industrialization process, increase the intensity of support and commitment to give full play to its role of radiation, leading role and exemplary role to make it become the "engine" in the cluster development.
4.2.2 Strengthening the public service platform construction of the industrial cluster
We should strengthen the public service platform construction of the industrial cluster in Liaoning province, try to build a comprehensive public service platform which has the functions of R&D, testing, logistics and training and improve the overall level of public service platform to provide the public service platform which is adapted to the regional industrial cluster.