时间：2022-09-17 05:07:03
非暴力――和平文化的关键因素
Translated by He Chenxu and Zhu Luqi
In the post-Cold War era， there has been a major shift in the central actors within the international political discourse. International political involvement was （and to some extent still is） a monopolistic privilege of the states， and not many ordinary citizens were part of the international political discussion. Within the rapid social change after the Cold War， however， human beings became more and more central in international relations. Numerous concepts， such human security， human rights， and human development， are taking more and more importance in shaping the relations among peoples and nations； indeed， one could argue that traditional state-centered international relations is not always suitable to comprehend the complexity of today’s world..
The idea of the Culture of Peace emerged in this paradigm shift since the late 1990s. Although some may argue that the UN overemphasized the “hard power” peace contribution through its Peacekeeping Operations after the Cold War， the organization also made an immense contribution for development of the concept of Culture of Peace.
Following the twentieth century’s bloody wars， a new concept was formed to ensure that the world takes more positive and concrete actions to stop violence and conflict and to attain sustainable peace. This new concept termed “Culture of Peace” is defined by the United Nations as， “a set of values， attitudes， modes of behaviour and ways of life that reject violence and prevent conflicts by tackling their root causes to solve problems through dialogue and negotiation among individuals， groups and nations.”
The origin of the concept of “culture of peace” goes back to the Seville Statement of 1986， which clearly stated that peace is possible. Many scientists， from various fields including psychology， anthropology， sociology and medicine， with different cultural backgrounds， gathered to analyze the scientific correlation between war and human beings， and concluded that war is not biologically inherent to humans， but rather a social construction. It asserted that peace can be created by society.
The Yamoussoukro Declaration on Peace in the Minds of Men （1989） stated very clearly that “peace is more than the end of armed conflict.” In other words， the absence of war alone does not indicate peace. In addition to violence in terms of war， the possession of weapons should be rejected as well. Often， people live in fear of others’ violence and feel the need to protect themselves， but this fear must be relieved and transformed into a belief in the inherent goodness of people. Those who possess weapons are teaching others that violence is permissible. However， a culture of peace is a culture in which no violence is acknowledged. Thus， the possession of weapons does not agree with a culture of peace no matter how it is perceived. There are leaders like Gandhi and Martin Luther King， Jr. who have shown that societal change can be made without even a single weapon and that such change can be lasting.
非暴力不具有侵略性，但是具有前瞻性。另一方面，所谓的‘硬实力’，如军事实力，政治权利和财富等不能确保可持续的和平。相反的，硬实力经常会挑起报复，造成暴力的恶性循环；因此，硬实力造就的和平仅仅是休战期。因此，非暴力是保证可持续和平的关键因素，能够创造和平文化。
暴力并不单单以战争和武器的形式出现，它还可能以其他形式存在于整个社会结构中，例如由贫困和男性女性之间不平等的权利所引发的暴力。阻碍人们寻求和平的社会结构也应被视为暴力并被淘汰。另外，正如我不看好仅仅惩罚违法者却并不提供正确积极的社会导向这一做法，我同样相信死刑并不能达到真正实现和平的目的。剥夺人的生命也是一种暴力。各国政府应摒弃这种存在于法律体系内的暴力，并认识到处决任何人都不能把扎根于人们思想中的暴力转化为和平。这种结构层面的暴力往往伴随着文化层面的暴力。例如，男人至上和压迫女性应被视为暴力的文化理念。这些理念应该被社会摈弃，男性和女性在所有文化中都应得到平等对待。
从更微观的层面来说，消除暴力似乎也应得到适当的强调。例如，《行动纲领》中的男女平等这一目标只有在彻底消灭性别暴力后才能实现。同样，克服社会结构中由阶级、种族或宗教歧视所导致的暴力对于任何国家实现和平、成功的发展来说都至关重要，因为这些暴力会阻碍一部分人充分发挥其潜能。非暴力原则可以在全球范围内执行，但这需要各个成员国的大力支持，从自身做起，放弃暴力的政治手段。
Commitment to Dialogue：
致力于对话：
The Culture of Peace Programme of Action developed a few years prior to the United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations in 2001. While the “Clash of Civilizations” theory was being promoted by certain scholars， an alternative response to the increasing violence and misunderstanding among cultures was much needed. Culture of Peace clearly sends a message that， in our contemporary world， dialogue is the key in creating understanding among different cultures and cooperation for sustainable peace. In fact， the Programme of Action asks the member states for “Support actions that foster understanding， tolerance and solidarity throughout society…”
A culture of peace places a great emphasis on dialogue， along with non-violence， to be a method handling conflict and advancing understanding and tolerance. Through dialogue people from different cultural， political， and economic backgrounds can find positive stimuli in their differences that can boost new prospects. Through dialogue， conflict becomes a constructive opportunity to transcend misunderstandings and initiate deeper understanding through mutually beneficial engagements. Without the will to listen to the opposing sides， however， true dialogue is almost impossible.
Dialogue is in the opposite end of conflict resolution measures from violence. Violence hinders economic growth， violates human rights， and perpetuates further antagonism between conflicting parties. The Culture of Peace， I believe， counters this trend of conflict resolution by doing exactly the opposite； respecting other cultures， promoting human rights， and reconciling the relationships between the former combatants. It may be easier to restore to violence when different interests clash with one another； however， commitment to dialogue is essential in further developing the Culture of Peace in order to overcome the dependency toward violence that humanity has accumulated.
《和平文化行动纲领》早在2001年“联合国不同文明之间对话年”之前就得到了发展。虽然文明冲突论被一些学者所提倡，但我们急需另一种解释来平息日趋增长的暴力和文化误解。和平文化明确传达了这样的信息：在当今世界，对话是加深不同文化间的理解和合作并维护可持续和平的关键。事实上，《行动纲领》要求成员国“支持增进理解、包容和团结全社会的行动…… ”
和平文化特别强调以对话、非暴力的方式处理冲突、增进了解和包容。通过对话，来自不同文化、政治和经济背景的人们可以求同存异，激发共鸣。通过对话，冲突变成了一个富有建设性的机遇，可以通过互惠互利的做法，消除误解和增进了解。然而，如果缺乏聆听不同观点的意愿，真正的对话也就无法进行。
对话是与暴力截然相反的冲突化解方式。暴力妨碍经济增长，侵害人权，使冲突双方的矛盾进一步延续。我相信，和平文化与此截然不同，它尊重不同文化，倡导人权，协调对立双方的关系，进而阻止冲突朝扩大化的方向发展。当利益发生冲突，诉诸于暴力也许是最简单的方法。但是，致力于对话是进一步发展和平文化的基础，从而克服人类已经积累的对暴力的依赖。
Self-Transformation is possible：
自我转变并非难事：
Promotion of Culture of Peace needs to be developed through both from bottom-up and top-down approaches. From the bottom-up， civil societies and concerned individuals play important roles in raising the awareness about issues related to Culture of Peace. Top-down approach can provide necessary means and resources in order to resolve the problems. Thus， Culture of Peace can be realized only through the harmony of the two approaches and different actors under one shared purpose of peace.
Lastly， to achieve a culture of peace， the efforts of all people are necessary. Individuals are key players in a culture of peace because an individual’s sense of inner peace influences the way he or she makes outer peace. Deepak Chopra， in his book Peace is the Way， explains that each individual has a duty to generate a personal transformation toward a daily consciousness of peace and that， from this level of consciousness， a new world order is birthed. The greatness of this dimension of individual focus is that everyone can take action for peace every day through the peaceful improvement of oneself. Furthermore， inner transformation and empowerment can be accomplished by all people， in all conditions of life.
和平文化的推广需要从自下而上和自上而下两方面展开。在自下而上方面，公民社会和有关个人可以积极帮助提升公众对于和平文化相关问题的认识。自上而下的方面可以为解决问题提供必要的措施和资源。因此，和平文化只有通过这两种渠道的共同努力才能得以实现。
最后，普及和平文化需要所有人的共同努力。每个个人都是和平文化中的关键角色，因为只有个人心怀和平，才能保证其和平对待世界。迪帕克・乔布拉在《和平之路》一书中谈到，每个人都有朝着和平意识进行思想转变的责任，通过和平意识的普及，新的世界秩序就会诞生。这种强调个人作用的理论的伟大之处在于每个人每天都可以通过对自身的和平化提升而为和平做出贡献。并且，内部转化和赋权适用于各种生活方式下的每一个人。
Compiled by the UNITY writing team from various sources