激光治疗良性前列腺增生的研究进展

时间:2022-09-06 08:13:58

激光治疗良性前列腺增生的研究进展

[摘要] 良性前列腺增生(BPH)是导致膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)的最重要原因。手术切除增生腺体是解除梗阻症状的主要治疗原则,由于经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)术后并发症高,激光已经成为TURP的替代治疗方案。自20世纪90年代初,利用激光凝固及消融技术治疗BPH,532 nm激光(俗称绿激光)汽化术广泛应用于临床,钬激光剜除术在随机对照实验中体现出持久的疗效。然而,一些新的激光,如铥激光、半导体激光,仍需进一步的长期数据研究。本研究主要评估常用激光技术的疗效及副作用。

[关键词] 良性前列腺增生;激光技术;钬激光;绿激光;铥激光;半导体激光

[中图分类号] R69 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)12(c)-0085-04

[Abstract] Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the predominant cause of bladder outflow obstruction. Surgical removal of adenoma has been a key treatment principle for alleviation of obstruction. Lasers have been used as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), due to the higher complications of the latter procedure. Since the early 1990s, lasers utilized coagulative and ablative techniques in the treatment of BPH. Ablative techniques have remained popular with the resurgence of 532 nm vaporization (commonly known as Green Light). Enucleation techniques especially with the holmium laser have shown durable efficacy in randomized controlled trials whilst new modalities such as thulium and semiconductor laser still require longterm data. This research mainly evaluate curative effect and side effect of the commonly used laser technology.

[Key words] Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Laser technology; Holmium laser; Green laser; Thulium laser; Semiconductor laser

经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)曾经被公认为是治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的“金标准”,然而继发性出血、TUR综合征等并发症以及较长的学习曲线限制了TURP的应用。激光技术的出现给BPH的治疗带来了技术革新[1-2],在这些激光中,钬激光剜出术(HoLEP)似乎是激光技术中的佼佼者,并且大量文献报道HoLEP具有显著的临床疗效,术后并发症发生率低,似乎已超越TURP[1-4]。此外,其他波长的激光相继应用于临床,例如:铥激光、半导体激光以及绿激光,每种激光因其独特的属性可以完成汽化或剜出,本研究运用最新的研究成果概述和评估近年来应用于临床的激光技术的疗效进展。

1 钬激光

1.1 作用机制

钬激光以石英光纤传输,并以短脉冲式释放能量,波长为2140 nm,其波长非常接近水的1940 nm吸收峰,水分对其吸收佳,组织穿透深度为0.5 mm,对周围组织损伤小,热损伤区域仅为0.5~1.0 mm[5]。由于前列腺组织内含有大量水份,高能量的激光脉冲能破裂瓦解前列腺组织。

1.2 临床疗效

既往研究已证实,HoLEP临床疗效显著。1998年Gilling等[6]首先报道了64名患者的前瞻性研究,平均前列腺体积75.3 mL,术后1个月最大尿流率(Qmax)从8.9 mL/s升至23.4 mL/s。随后相继报道的回顾研究的样本量达1065例,Qmax提高157%~470%,残余尿量(PVR)减少80%以上[7-9]。

早在2000年就证实了HoLEP对于前列腺体积>100 mL的有效性及安全性,其疗效可类似开放前列腺切除术(OP),并且具有较低的围术期发病率[10-11]。Kim等[12]将HoLEP应用于超大前列腺(> 200 mL)治疗中,结果显示,虽然手术时间较长,暂时性排尿困难发生率高,留置尿管时间和住院天数长,但术后6个月国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、Qmax优于小前列腺(

与TURP比较,HoLEP手术时间较长,但是术后排尿困难、住院天数、留置尿管时间、失血量等方面较好,总体来看,HoLEP可作为TRUP的一种替代治疗。与OP比较,有研究表明,两者疗效相同,但HoLEP围术期的发病率低、住院时间和留置导尿管时间短[9];并且有随机试验对照实验经5年随访验证HoLEP更优[10]。

1.3 并发症

最常见的并发症是暂时性尿失禁,发生率_11%~12%,膀胱经挛缩发生率达6%,尿道狭窄为1.3%;TUR综合征、严重的出血并发症、膀胱损伤等严重并发症发生率极低,小于1%[7]。Klett等[14]研究发现,HoLEP对没有长期的影响。此外,HoLEP与TURP、OP相比,在方面没有显著的差异[4,8,10]。HoLEP具有明显较长的学习曲线,并发症发生范围为30~50例[15]。在学习曲线期间,推荐使用模拟器培训HoLEP和从小体积前列腺(< 80 g)开始练习,从而降低并发症的发生情况[11,16]。

2 铥激光

2.1 作用机制

铥激光波长为2013 nm,也称为2 μm 激光,组织穿透深度仅0.25 mm,主要被组织中的水吸收[2],与钬激光不同,铥激光以连续波模式工作,切割和止血效果均满意。与钬激光类似,既可以行组织汽化、切除,还可以行剜除术。

2.2 临床疗效

Bach等[17]汇集来自铥激光前列腺切除术方法的数据表明,平均IPSS、生活质量评分(QoL)、Qmax分别提高14.2、3.2、14.5,平均PVR改善82.8%。Tang等[18]研究表明,术后12个月的随访Qmax、PVR、QoL、IPSS评分与TURP比较有显著差异。铥激光前列腺汽化剜除术(ThuVEP)已经在一个1080例大型研究中显示出良好效果[19]。术后短期内Qmax提升9.5 mL/s,PVR减少100 mL[19-20]。Kyriazis等[21]研究结果显示,ThuVEP可切除87%前列腺w积,PVR下降范围为69%~91%,Qmax、IPSS显著改善。

2.3 并发症

ThuVEP显著降低了TUR综合征、输血和尿道狭窄等并发症的发生,但暂时性尿失禁、泌尿道感染、逆行等并发症发生情况与TURP类似[18]。在障碍方面,逆行是很常见的,但是无论是术前和术后对比,还是和TURP对比,患者的功能评分无显著差异[22-23]。

3 绿激光

3.1 作用机制

绿激光又称KTP激光,波长为532 nm,基本不被水吸收。直达组织表面,却选择性地被血红蛋白吸收,绿激光组织穿透仅0.8 mm,并产生深1~2 mm的凝固带,止血效果良好。最初应用于BPH时是60 W系统,由于其手术时间较长,现在80 W、120 W已应用于临床,甚至有180 W的报道。

3.2 临床疗效

选择性前列腺光汽化术(PVP)的发展从最初的80 W KTP激光、120 W HPS KTP和随后180 W XPS KTP激光,尽管PVP是指所有532 nm激光系统,但是不同的型号可以导致不同的临床结果。Thangasamy等[24]通过对比TURP来评估80 W和120 W PVP系统。他们将80 W和120 W的激光作为整体研究,总共有9个样本,包括5个80 W激光、4个120 W激光,随访6~36个月。围术期结果为,PVP在留置尿管时间、住院时间上要优于TURP,手术时间长于TURP。Cornu等[25]研究结果表明,120 W HPS KTP与TURP在IPSS、Qmax方面无差异,但具有更好的围术期资料,更短留置尿管时间及住院时间,更小的术后出血风险。180 W Green light XPS系统作为最新形式的PVP,刚刚完成了第四阶段,应用于小前列腺的临床试验;研究结果180 W Green light XPS激光系统疗效与TURP无差异,IPSS、PVR分别下降66.98%、60.9%,Qmax提高142%[26]。

3.3 并发症

80 W和120 W PVP与TURP对比有较低的术后输血风险,并且可避免TUR综合征,尿道狭窄和膀胱颈挛缩方面无明显差异,尽管PVP的再手术率高于TURP,但无明显统计学差异,术后12个月随访并发症也无明显差异[24-26]。

4 半导体激光

4.1 作用机制

半导体激光又名二极管激光,通过使用不同的半导体元素和结构产生不同波长的激发光。通过半导体产生常用波长为940、980、1470 nm,同时使水和血红蛋白产生联合吸收效应,对组织产生凝固效应,组织穿透能力为1.72、4.18、1.30 mm。从而半导体激光其有良好的组织消融能力和止血的效果,有非常好的组织消融和止血效果。

4.2 临床疗效

目前,比较TURP和二极管激光前列腺汽化术(F980 nm)的研究较少。尽管二极管激光可明显改善术后IPSS、Qmax、PVR,并且术后6个月随访可达到TURP效果,但是其效果可能没有TURP持久。有研究表明,TURP的患者术后24月随访结果要优于980 nm半导体激光[27]。目前二极管激光前列腺剜除术(FDiLEP)逐渐开始流行[2,28-30]。Yang等[28]研究结果表明,DiLEP留置导尿管时间和住院天数优于TURP;IPSS明显改善;在Qmax、PVR方面,与TURP无明显差异。Xu等[29]在研究中比较DiLEP和双极等离子前列腺剜除术(FPKERP)的临床疗效,DiLEP具有较短的手术时间及术后膀胱冲洗及留置导尿管时间,并且术中血红蛋白下降量低于PKERP,但IPSS、PVR、QoL、Qmax等方面无明显差异。

4.3 并发症

二极管激光最主要的并发症是尿路刺激症状及逆行[2,27,29],其他的并发症如暂时性尿失禁、术后出血、包膜穿孔等与其他术式对比无显著差异。

5 结语及展望

激光技术在BPH微创技术治疗中发展很快,有望取代TURP成为治疗BPH新的“金标准”。目前应用最广泛激光技术是HoLEP和PVP,这两种激光具有较高的安全性和类似TURP的疗效;但HoLEP学习曲线较长,PVP手术时间长、切除组织少、再手术率高。ThuLEP、ThuVEP和DiLEP是有前景的新模式,潜力大,但是需要多中心大量的随机对照试验和长期随访进一步验证其疗效,随着对其进一步的临床研究,必将开拓BPH微创治疗的新篇章。

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(收稿日期:2016-09-05 本文辑:李岳泽)

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