攻克阅读中的生词五招

时间:2022-09-03 09:00:50

攻克阅读中的生词五招

在平时或考试中阅读短文时,我们遇到最头痛的问题就是生词。生词成为我们获得阅读高分的最大障碍。对生词的处理,不仅影响阅读速度,同时也影响对文章的理解和掌握。攻克阅读文章中的生词,是高中生必备的能力之一。具备了这种能力,既有助于养成良好的阅读习惯,又能解决高考英语阅读理解中的猜测词义这一类必考题。本文结合具体的实例来为大家介绍五种猜测词义的方法。

一、根据重复的表述或句子结构来猜测词义

有时候,为了把一件事情叙述或说明得更清楚、更详细,文章的作者往往会使用一些意义相同或相近的词来表达同一概念或同一动作,这时,我们就可以利用这些意义上重复的词语去猜测生词的词义。例:

[例1] (2009年广东) We studied the board critically. Some of us looked with one eye and held up certain colors against the blackboard,rocking the sheets to the right or left while we conjured up our designs. Others twisted their hair around their fingers or chewed their erasers while deep in thought. We had plans for that ten―dollar grand prize,each and every one of us. I’m going to spend mine on candies,one hopeful would announce,while another practiced looking serious,wise and rich.

47. The underlined phrase most probably means _____________.

A. formed an idea for B. made an outline for

C. made some space for D. chose some colors for

一开始,“conjured up”的意思不是十分清楚,只要接着往下读,意思就会逐渐明朗起来,本段上下句是Some...Other...句式,while we conjured up our designs在语法功能和语义的对应部分是while deep in thought,可见conjured up的意思是“思考,想象”,故选A。

二、根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义

在阅读的过程中,如遇到生词,也不必惊慌,有时可以根据自身的直接或间接经验,或运用自己已有的生活常识将其推测出来。例:

[例2](2010年全国高考卷Ⅱ)Beijing’s skiing craze is partly a result of the recent increase in private cars. This has led to the growth of a leisure industry in the capital's suburbs, which until the late-1990s were unreachable to ordinary people, According to Mr. Wei, about 40% of the visitors to his resort come in their own cars. The rest are bused in by schools, businesses or government offices.

52. The underlined words “leisure industry” refer to _________.

A. transport to ski resorts

B. production of family cars

C. business of providing spare time enjoyments

D. part-time work for people living in the suburbs

按常识可知,私家车的增加说明人们的生活水平提高了,娱乐活动亦随之增加,同时也就促进了滑雪之类行业的发展,由此可推知划线部分的含义是“休闲业”,因此选C。

三、根据上下文的语境关联来猜测词义

字不离词,词不离句。任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。做题时,有时候我们可以通过作者所列举的具体词汇分析其共同点,抓住其共性,结合上下文的语境来推测出所给词汇的意义。例:

[例3](2013年广东)In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. ...

42. The underlined expression “cutting edge” is closest in meaning to ______.

A. advanced technique B. sharpening tool

C. effective rule D. dividing line

本文通过Jennifer在家考试受监控的具体描述,介绍了一些防止网络教育中考试作弊的一些先进的手段或方法。由第二段的具体描述来看,这是防止作弊的先进技术,另外,也可以从第五段的第一句中的other high-tich methods(另外的高科技方法)得到启示,要选A。

四、利用构词法猜测词义

在阅读文章时,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词义,而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识,这些问题便不难解决了。例:

[例4](2005年广东)The Bay Hotel.It’s a quiet,comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialised Cornish fishing village on England’s most southerly point.If pop music is no longer your strong point,and you are considering a relaxing holiday where the scenery is breathtaking and the sound of the sea is live music to your ears,come and stay with us. For adults only.Sssh! Don’t tell everyone!

根据后缀-ise/ize(使……成为,使……化),结合词根commercial(商业的)不难猜出uncommercialized意为:“未被商业化的”。

中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有:super-(超);mini-(极小的,微小的);re-(再,反复);mis-(误);im-(不);un-(不,非);in-(不,非);non-(不,非);-able(能……的);-less(不,无);-wards(向)等。

五、以同位语(从句)、定语从句为线索猜测词义

同位语(从句)用以说明该名词表示的具体内容,而定语从句则对某一名词或代词作了限定。所以有时我们可根据同位语(从句)或定语从句对其修饰的先行词的词义作出推断。例:

I told him I was a mason,a person whose job is cutting stone into shape for building.

通过后面的同位语及其定语从句不难猜出mason是“石匠”。

再如Another problem for the settler is that much of Alaska is permafrost which is a layer of soil under the ground that is always frozen.

通过后面的定语从句可知permafrost的意思是“地表下的永久冻土层”

构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接号,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号。常用信息词有:or;similarity; that is to say; in other words; namely; or other; say等。如:

It will be very hard but also very brittle―that is, it will break easily.

从后面的it will break easily可以猜测出brittle是“脆”的意思。

掌握上述技巧,我们以后再在阅读中遇到生词难词就再也不用感到困扰了,希望考生们在考试中取得满意的阅读成绩。

(作者单位:开平市长师中学)

责任编校 蒋小青

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