The Oil and Natural Gas Exploitation in Petrol Field of Urucu and Their Impacts

Iraildes Caldas Torres[a]; Celso Augusto T?rres do Nascimen

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The beginning of construction of Coari / Manaus occurred in March 2005 and his termination occurred in 2009. Institute of Environmental Protection issued the Amazon license to install ducts which affected eight towns and about two hundred riverine communities had their lives changed in various senses.

Evidently large impacts hit the woods with the felling of native trees without replacement, invasion and expropriation of land from locals, added to the aggression of rivers, lakes, streams and expansion of social problems. Impacts of this order were also detected when PETROBRAS built the first pipeline linking Urucú Coari. At that time the pipeline dried three streams that provided water to the riparian communities, used for consumption and for the production of manioc flour that is the staple food of traditional peoples. The quantity of fish has also decreased considerably in Urucú River.

Figure 3

The Tesol (Solimoes Terminal) of the Urucu-Coari-Manaus Gas Pipeline District of Coari, State of Amazonas. 2012 (Brazil)

Note. Picture: Ricardo Stucker/PR (Brazil)

The development model implemented in the Amazon should have to thread the ethnic issue. Economic growth should be to induce basic human development of traditional indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, from an ethic of social development that refers to the resolution of inequalities and the preservation of the natural environment.

Figure 4

Amazonia Sunset, Urucu River, State of Amazonas (Brazil), 2014.

Note. Font: The authors (2014)

Joshua Sateré - Mawé , former coordinator of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Upper Wood, draws attention to the fact that “we indigenous peoples, in large projects ( highways , dams , transmission line and others) have always been considered obstacles to development” ( letter sent to IBAMA , 2004) .

The intense process of exploitation of Amazon territory from the conquest to the present day, always excluded the traditional peoples of the development process. Public policies have been implemented in the region against the grain of local development, bypassing the particularities and needs of the people of these parts. Castro (2010, p.107), makes clear that “the Brazilian State has demonstrated, in respect to the Amazon, a deeply ambiguous, technocratic and authoritarian stance with serious problems in the federal relationship.”

This relationship between the State and National Amazonian populations is already furthest lasted more inflamed form until the last government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso with unbridled neoliberalism 1990s. Viewed as mere forest peoples Amazonian populations could never rely on an appropriate structure and efficient employment, education, health and other public policies. In the 1970s Djalma Batista was the voice echoing in the desert denouncing the lack of professionals like doctors, nurses, social workers and even priests to assist the souls in the interior of Amazonas ( Baptist, 1976) . Such was the absence of state and social protection to the inhabitants of the region.

Until the twilight of the twentieth century had deep chasms where hope was dying of these populations, making it difficult to get out and see the light. The conservatism that reversed both the authoritarian government vaunted national integration by way of the great Amazonian projects, as that which covered neoliberalism itself, became more hardened regulatory power, leading to the collapse of the political strategies and democracy built on the “hard way” by groups’ resistance.

It is therefore the threshold of the XXI century, with the advent of a democratic - popular project directed by a former metalworker who begins a dialog between state and civil society organizations. Brazilian citizenship is asked to present their demands and say in shaping public policy. This occurs, as Torres (2007), associated with the discourse of the state itself which moves to achieve the nation, incorporating terms such as agricultural development, social development, decent employment and social solidarity, among others.

The emergence of conferences for policy-making on the part of social groups is an example of this new relationship between the state and the nation. The state can communicate with the nation so to impact a new contract of coexistence. Public consultations, Councils, participatory budgeting, the creation of Special Departments status with the Ministry to conduct aimed at certain social segments, finally, the discussion of the PPA- Multiyear Plan with the public and public policy conferences are expressions of this new contract social.

While we recognize these advances as initial and incipient steps to reach the dreamed republican state, we need to be cautious when moving on the ground in the Amazon, tracked by despotism, which marks the position of local elites. There is a strong resistance from more conservative and resistant to change sectors. Castro (2010, p.112 ) reminds us that “the Brazilian Amazon was conceived within national borders as resource and demographic empty elites in which capital could redo its cycle of accumulation based on the new stocks available.”

Amazon has always been a great store of wealth that the country has, is the letter of credit in the Brazilian state, internationally coveted. But it was never anchor a national project. It is always subsidiary, regionalized and initiated in itself. However, it is referred to as an invaluable and necessary for life on the planet as well. The structuring of a system of public policies and the implementation of infrastructure and programs that enable non-predatory development of the region constitute a historical debt to the Brazilian state with the Amazonian populations.

2. THE LOCAL SOCIAL ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Coari has a young population with approximately 70% of people in this age group, 40% of who are women. The city is known as the capital of prostitution from the middle region of the Solim?es, as there are records of increases in the rates of sexual exploitation, trafficking in women , domestic violence against women, drugs and sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS.

Family breakdown is a fact not only among local populations, but also between families of employees of PETROBRAS. Workers spend fifteen days in Urucú Oil Province and another fifteen days of their homes. This alternate form found by the company not to harm family life of its employees. Today has serious problems: men are abandoning their wives and their homes to take marital commitments with another woman, who keeps loving relationship in the workplace. In some cases the employee opts for maintaining two women and, consequently, two families.

In urban areas, the percentage of unemployment is as high as about 57% of domestic workers in the segment. Many of these workers have no record or employment contract being thus deprived of legal labor rights. The average wage of local workers is below two minimum wages, while 14.7% of these workers are found in the informal market (GROUP INTER-A??O/2003). Already Coari / Manaus generated approximately 3,800 direct and indirect jobs (News Petrobras, 2007).

As for rural areas, some of the factors that contribute to the composition of income in coastal communities and families are: relationship marketing agricultural products, exchange, and disposal of production for the urban market, sales of the labor force in the field, retirement and social benefits of income transfers to families made?vulnerable.

Traditional people residing in rural areas of developing several productive activities Coari, a peculiar rhythm seasonally well defined by the laws of ebb and flood of the rivers. Its major production activities are fishing, crop production, vegetable production, medicinal plants, small animal breeding (cattle, swine and poultry), and extractive production.

Productive activities are performed by all members of the family: men, women and children. Each acts according to the development of their skills, to ensure the survival of the family group. Attention should be paid to the fact that rural areas do not offer full conditions of social reproduction, as it allows the capitalist model in terms of basic survival of individuals within the city limits.

The standard of living of rural people especially Indians, mixed and mongrel peoples and natives people, is of low quality. This table refers unequivocally to the establishment of social measures to ensure access to education, health, employment, transportation, sanitation, social security and social assistance, technical assistance and credit services. Added to this, the need to promote a kind of self-sustainable development that encourages traditional peoples to increase food production for own consumption. It should also ensure disposal of agrarian production to marketing integrating it into the commodity market, so that rural workers can earn enough to support the family income.

The conservation of natural resources by employing modern techniques that do not require higher capital expenditure - the example of the techniques employed in planting including spacing, crop rotation, use of improved seeds and soil tillage with animal traction - it is essential to ensuring a self-sustaining agriculture. Thus, farmers may have better housing, food and work, which will mean better living in real terms, although not reflected in an increase in financial income (IPEA, 1999).

It is necessary to harmonize policies with the development of local human potential without compromising the environmental balance. Any proposal for regional development should take into account the environmental quality, stimulating investments in the most appropriate areas and inhibiting high economic, social and environmental risk programs.

You need to pay attention to the preservation of the natural components of the faunal biodiversity and florist, water potential, soil and yield components, the form of deforestation and exploitation of forest products such as wood, bark, oils, resins, fruits and medicinal products. In the Amazon, as Pressler (2010, p.175) , “there are several products titled as sustainable business , environmental or ecobusiness: banana flour , Paper Amazon , Brazil nuts, craft packs from Amazon , plus a myriad of products sold for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry” .

The Amazonian man maintains an effective inter - relationship with the elements of nature: earth, rivers and forest. These elementals are central in the lives of traditional peoples of the Amazon to whom nature is not only the basis for their livelihoods and food security, but is also the source that feeds the culture and life in society. The traditional people to use natural resources to reinvent their survival strategies present in social or eco-business technologies such as bio-jewelry and ethnic fashion, not only recreate in its aspect of human evolution, as well as disclose the nature conservation in forest products loggers that they employ in social technologies.

Figure 5

Banana Flour (in Aluminum Bowl), Urucu People District of Coari, State of Amazonas (Brazil)

Note. Picture: The authors

It is also important to safeguard the historical zeal concerning the processes of social and economic development of the state of Amazonas. These are processes that promote large spatial mobilization of populations with improvised institutional rearrangements (Torres, 2003).

These processes cause environmental, social and cultural imbalances that have strong interference in the lives of local people. This happened with gamier economy that brought large numbers of Northeastern for Amazonian rubber plantations and, after the decline of the activities of Hevea brasiliense, many of them were atonic and perplexed by the need to return to their lands of origin and / or remain in a region unpromising. The same happened with the project that promoted a free zone ostensibly rural exodus, prompting the arrival of many other Brazilians for semi - structured products industry located in Manaus.

It is an undisputed fact increased migration in Coari. In 1990 the municipality had a population of 22,000 inhabitants, quickly jumped to 73,475 inhabitants (IBGE/2010), as noted previously. The slum constitutes major social problems of this municipality that receives royalties from Petrobras for 16 years and, therefore, should be the most prosperous state after Manaus. Unlike this, there is still a high incidence of endemic malaria, lack of sanitation and water supply in homes and social exclusion. Exempting Manaus, Coari ranks fifth in IDHM (0.672), compared to the other municipalities involved in the project pipeline (PNUD/2000).

Although the purchasing power of the subaltern classes have had some growth from the intensification of income transfer policies in the Lula government and Rousseff, the term social exclusion in the Amazon may also be expressed broadly in relation to income, education, conditions of the child population, housing needs and housing conditions, and access basic health care, employment prospects for the workforce and other indicators of the human situation in the Amazon.

The exclusion is associated with production of poverty and misery in the rural sector, whose phenomenon becomes more evident in that postgraduate studies will grow and build secure configurations of factors and trends that explain and show consequences, impasses and perspectives with respect to regional development.

The Amazonian populations are composed of heterogeneous from the point of view of the economic situation, companies and indigenous communities distinct and different modes of adaptation and historical- cultural articulation of isolated groups and remnants of interethnic friction urban and rural social groups and arrangements own survival with the national society and also of groups and displaced population groups to the region by government , private and denominational mechanisms for internal and external , independent or promoted by flows of economic exploitation or institutional adjustments in the region (Silva, 2000).

The environmental issue is an integral part of the social question, while the set of anachronistic and redivivos problems in the region. The environmental consequences of imbalances are bifurcated and less adequate social processes are included in the homogeneous matrix of integrationist development advocated by the authoritarian state. The conservation of natural resources should be a premise of valuing natural and social life. These two vital constitutions are poles of the same reality.

Harmful interference to the environment comes through the accumulation patterns that rest on the exploitation of natural resources more capital-intensive, causing pressure on the natural and social life in the Amazon. Amazonian megaprojects approved by the military regime for the region Carajás, Tucuruí, Trans, Paranapanema Pitinga, Zona Franca de Manaus and Balbina - are examples of such processes of social and environmental impacts

The notion of human and social applied to Amazonian populations valuation implies an effort of understanding the complexity of human relations and a half, nature and culture, region and sites free of any connotation of the tribe or linguistic group, nation, and world place. Implies, moreover, the understanding between the state and society, private companies and society, state enterprises and mixed economy and society, public and private companies in dialogue with society, third sector and local society (Freitas, 2003). It would be on the paradigm of social emancipation that takes the perspective of social inclusion, respect for differences and what Boaventura Sousa Santos (2000) calls the sociology of absences.

There is also need for carrying out extensive studies on environmental impacts to verify indicators of violence, drug addiction, and sexual exploitation, drug trafficking and others. The promotion and implementation of the devolution of financial resources in science and technology have been an overriding action to the Amazon region, arising with the creation of Fapeam - Foundation for Research Support of the State of Amazonas. You need to build a federal agreement that enables the implementation of public policies to reduce regional imbalances.

Think about Brazil in the international division of labor requires the proper allocation of resources to Amazon. There will only be a regional balance if Brazilian regions obtain resources for science and technology. You have to think the place of the Amazon development of the country, given that the proposals of the previous governments in the region put up anti-development because established linear and homogeneous for the entire Brazilian territory without taking into account differences guidelines, knowledge local and regional peculiarities.

Throughout the northern region had until the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso only 2.9% of federal resources devoted to science and technology (Freitas, 2003). This framework made ??it difficult and almost impracticable meets research demands of the five existing economic centers in the region, namely: the industrial, timber, agricultural, farming and fishing.

Besides the lack of sufficient investment in science and technology, there are not directed to the mass of indigenous people’s education investments. There is a residual manner. You need to channel resources for education from pre -school to university. Become mister; on the other hand, provide public universities with funds for development of shares in the capital and the municipalities.

It is imperative to institutionalize environmental issues as a priority for the federal government, transversal actions in federal levels: Federal, State, and County. The development of the Amazon should be seated on principles that take into account land use planning; monitoring and environmental control; the macrosensoriamento; the existence of secular conflicts in the region; continuous combat deforestation; the use of appropriate techniques for the exploitation of regional treasures like forest management; the defense of the environment in a socio-economic perspective, sanitation (...); the valuation of forest products and the infrastructure necessary for the proper implementation of sustainable development (Marina Silva, Minister of the Ambiente/2003).

It takes resources to ensure the implementation of macro socio-economic-environmental zoning and plan for socio-economic control of regional currencies. As Marina Silva,

Zoning macro must build a diagnosis on spatial planning and demarcate own spaces for economic enterprises; the legal system; control over the process of burning including more technical support; the implementation of a system more equitable claims; the definition of more precise criteria on the area that may or may not be cleared; crystallization of a corporate design that considers the forest as a common good are essential elements for the construction of a proposed sustainable and solidary (IBIDEM) development.

Rare are the companies operating in the Amazon with social responsibility. Even before the law on social responsibility Petrobras already alocava recipe for fostering social projects. These are projects in educational, ecological, cultural, recreational area and facing the social problems of various orders to the fight against hunger.

An important point should be noted in this analysis, under penalty of incurring unjust judgments and little credible regarding the company Petróleo Brasileiro SA These are royalties that are passed on to the City of TNL in high monthly figures seeking to carry out improvements and repairs damage caused to the local population by the oil development and gaseífero.

And by the way, remember that the royalties are rather old forms of payment rights. The term is derived from the royal English translation, which means royalty or on the king. Its meaning was restricted to the right that the kings were to receive payment for the extraction of minerals held in their territory.

Brazil recognizes the legitimacy of royalties since 1953, through Law 2004, which created the Petrobras. From this date, the company in question took the state monopoly in the exploration, mining, refining and transportation of petroleum and its derivatives. In contrast to the exploitation of the energy resources of oil and natural gas in regions of the country, would be passed royalties to those states and municipalities locus of exploitation of these minerals.

Royalties constitute a sort of financial compensation that these companies exploiting non- renewable wealth should be the state whose financial transfer is performed monthly. At the time of implementation of the law determined Petrobras 4% and 1% to the States to the municipality on the value of onshore oil and natural gas exploited in their lands. There was a change of Law 2,004 in 1989 and there is therefore a decrease in the percentage of passing. The locus municipalities installing loading and unloading of oil or natural gas, now entitled to 0.5% and the states ¨ 3.5% , for cases in which the operation happen on their land. The last oil change in legislation occurred in 1997, when the basic rate of royalties increased to 10%. This rate can be reduced to a minimum of 5%, due to possible geological risks, expected production and other factors.

Note, therefore, that there was a significant increase in the amount of royalty payments on oil and natural gas in Brazil. The value that states and municipalities collect royalties has several purposes, among them investment in research and conduit for sustainability and regional development.

Hardly research that attempts to address the way in which these financial values ??are applied by states and municipalities are held. In spite of the control and distribution of these rates by the National Petroleum Agency - ANP, little is known about the application of these public resources. The same happens with the Ecological VAT, fines employed by IBAMA and other terms of conduct applied in light of the impact to the environment. Few actions have been undertaken by states and municipalities to circumvent the environmental damage caused to the biosphere and life of traditional peoples affected by the project to extract oil and gas in Urucu.

One of the ways suggested for the application of image with justice and social responsibility concerns the conduct of research on renewable energy that does not bring immediate financial return, but would ensure greater survival for energy sources of oil and natural gas. Amyra El Khalili, chairman of NGO Consultant, Trader and Adviser ( CTA ), believes that “ the best way to provide a secure royalties from oil and natural gas target would apply them in projects of environmental commodities” (interview with the electronic journal city ??Coari/2004 ) .

The draft environmental commodities are those that have a social, well-defined in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. These projects can generate employment and allies to preserve the environment income. The community favored by the actions of these projects should be the protagonist and receiving financial resources. To do so, it becomes essential to end the prejudiced ideas over traditional peoples of the Amazon, as if they were peripatetic and unable to cope with technological advances and public policy.

Figure 6

Sateré-Mawé Indians Women from Urucú, State of Amazonas (Brazil), 2009

Note. Picture: The authors

The proposal of a new model of self-sustainable regional development in the Amazon, breaking through the barriers of racial prejudice, the rescue of the ethical values that inspired the historical struggles in favor of equity and social justice.

One can’t help but remember, whenever possible, that the profound social inequalities that have been imposed on the human condition in this region, were constructed based on ethnic prejudice. The alleged incivility of indigenous and their inability to take advantage of progress and human development constituted the major key unprotected state with those populations (Torres, 2005).

Promoting sustainable development with equity and social justice requires mobilization of efforts by civil society itself. Building a dynamic and modern city to generate income and wealth demand union and firm goals of all social subjects.

It is essential to the social control of the royalties from civil society TNL. Public funds must go through public discussion, they should be explained expenditures and projects undertaken. The local population should not only be consulted at the public hearing, It must opine on the destinations of these resources, placing themselves as protagonists of social development under penalty of being injured in their rights.

SUMMARY

The dawn of the twenty-first century refers to the need to rethink the local and the global, the whole and the parts. The consensus points to the fact that we live in a time of crisis and transition, and there is therefore a reconfiguration of the role of the state. Old paradigms entered a process of gravitation, suggesting a redefinition of new societal parameters that encourage the construction of new forms of sociability and a new social contract between the center and periphery, global and local, and between the national and regional levels.

It is therefore necessary to create another logical development to overcome the dichotomy border, building a political project whatsoever and promote polycentric nature of an international order based on regional areas where the implementation of a close cooperation between actors is possible subjects and powers. Its instruments of solidarity which refer to the horizon of a political pact between people.

Local companies may emerge as protagonists in the construction of a new solidarity that respects differences, plural relations and social minorities exhausting prejudice and subordination. The concept of territoriality is significant in the functioning of economies and societies in the formation of collective dynamic process. This concept is not limited only to the geographical reality, is also associated with space relations, based on solidarity and mobilization capabilities.

You need to combine external resources to fragile areas with the use of local resources. The concept of sustainable development should avail them of the notion of territoriality to consecrate solidarity positive and purposeful relationships. One cannot underestimate or overestimate the wealth of knowledge of traditional peoples of the Amazon. There are people who make these products in the interest of consumers willing to emphasize the differences expressed in ecobusiness and social technologies developed by them.

The chain of Productive Oil and Gas Urucú is a mine and a source of immeasurable wealth, capable of taking the national development with distribution of benefits and jobs in all production links. And yet, one cannot fail to recognize that the petroleum complex Urucú represented a landmark in the region. Amazon jumped quality in terms of high-tech mining and petroleum refining, assuming a leading position in the country.

The issue highlighted in this study is of the order of social and environmental impacts that large project entails the extent that economic development and human and social development do not go together and therefore big projects do not reach the life of traditional peoples of the Amazon.

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