多节段颈椎损伤的后路手术治疗方法探讨

时间:2022-08-16 01:51:52

多节段颈椎损伤的后路手术治疗方法探讨

[摘要] 目的 评估颈后路单开门扩大椎板成形术结合侧块螺钉固定对于多节段颈椎管狭窄及创伤性颈脊髓损伤治疗的安全性及可行性。方法 方便选取于该院2012年1月―2014年3月收治的22例行颈后路单开门扩大椎板成形术结合侧块螺钉固定术的多节段颈椎管狭窄及不稳定骨折并发脊髓损伤的患者进行回顾性研究,通过术后JOA评分的改善及并发症的发生评估手术效果。结果 平均手术时间120 min,平均出血量445 mL,从C3-C7共有128枚侧块螺钉置入,包括C3∶22枚,C4:36枚,C5:38枚,C6:22枚,C7:10枚。平均术前JOA评分(3.26±0.64)分,所有患者平均随访16.5个月,平均术后JOA评分(8.21±1.37)分,明显高于术前水平(t=1.871,P

[关键词] 椎板成形术;脊髓损伤;椎管狭窄

[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2016)10(c)-0056-04

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the safety and feasibility of open-door expansive laminoplasty in combination with lateral mass screw fixation for the treatment of multilevel cervical spinal stenosis and spinal cord injury in the trauma population.Methods Convenient selection this was a retrospective study of 22 patients who had multilevel cervical spinal stenosis and spinal cord injury with unstable fracture from January 2012 to March 2014 in our hospital. An open-door expansive posterior laminoplasty combined with lateral mass screw fixation was performed under persistent intraoperative skull traction. Outcome measures included postoperative improvement in Japanese Orthopedic Association(JOA) score and incidence of complications. Results The average operation time was 120 min, with an average blood loss of 445 ml. A total of 128 lateral mass screws were implanted into the cervical vertebrae between vertebral C3 and C7, including 22 into C3, 36 into C4,38 into C5, 22 into C6, and 10 into C7. The mean preoperative JOA score was(3.26 ± 0.24)points. The patients were followed for an average of 16.5 months, and the average JOA score improved to(8.21 ± 1.37)points, significantly higher than the preoperative score (t= 1.871, P < 0.05), with an average improvement of (46.5±9.8)%. Postoperative complications in five patients included cerebrospinal fluid leakage, delayed wound healing, pulmonary infection, and urinary system infection.one died from respiratory failure 1 months postoperatively. Conclusion The open-door expansive laminoplasty combined with posterior lateral mass screw fixation is feasible for treating multilevel cervical spinal stenosis and spinal cord injury complicated by unstable fracture. Its advantages include minimum surgical trauma, less intraoperative blood loss, and satisfactory stable supportive effect for reduction of fracture.

[Key words] Laminoplasty; Spinal cord injury;Spinal stenosis

目前对于颈椎管狭窄的手术治疗仍有争议[1],常用的几种方法包括前路椎体次全切除椎间植骨融合内固定术(ACCF),前路间盘切除融合内固定术(ACDF)[2-3],有或无内固定的后路椎板成形术[4],但这些方法各有利弊。通过研究该院2012年1月―2014年3月收治的22例颈后路单开门扩大椎板成形术结合侧块螺钉固定对于多节段颈椎管狭窄及创伤性颈脊髓损伤治疗效果评估其安全性及可行性,现报道如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

方便选取该院收治的有多节段颈椎管狭窄及不稳定骨折致创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者22例,通过CT及MR影像学诊断,年龄47~65岁(平均53.6岁),男女比例15∶7。其中多节段颈椎管狭窄合并颈脊髓损伤10例;不稳定骨折合并颈脊髓损伤8例;颈椎管狭窄合并颈椎骨折4例;所有患者SLIC(下颈椎损伤分类)评分均超过5分(平均6.1分)。纳入标准:至少2个节段的颈椎管狭窄和无脱位的不稳定性颈椎骨折。排除标准:①单节段颈椎管狭窄;②颈椎骨折脱位或创伤性颈椎间盘突出;③不能通过后路手术解决的严重颈间盘突出患者。

1.2 手术方法

患者全身麻醉气管插管,俯卧位头部至于U型支撑架,持续颅骨牵引5 kg,术区皮肤由肩部向尾侧牵拉皮肤宽胶布固定消除皮肤皱褶,后正中切口逐层显露至棘突,剥离双侧椎旁肌显露棘突、椎板、关节突关节。采用Magerl法依次置入所需节段侧块螺钉,依据颈椎生理曲度折弯并放置连接棒,放松颅骨牵引后拧紧螺丝,重新牵引后行C3-7单开门椎板扩大成形术,开门侧椎板固定于连接棒上,术后去除颅骨牵引,术后常规改善血运、脱水、营养神经及预防性抗菌素治疗,早期行康复锻炼。

1.3 评估标准及统计方法

采用术前、术后及随访过程中JOA评分来评估手术治疗效果。有效率计算公式:改善率 (%)=(术后评分-术前评分) × 100/(总分-术前评分)。统计手术时间、出血量及术后并发症。螺丝钉置入安全性由CT检查评估,无椎动脉、神经根、脊髓压迫为优良,有其中之一压迫者为差。所有数据用SPSS 13.0统计学软件行分析,计量资料采用t检验,用(x±s)表示,P

2 结果

所有22例患者行内固定手术,128枚侧快螺钉置入,其中C3有22枚,C4有36枚,C5有38枚,C6有22枚,C7有10枚。手术时间90~140 min(平均120 min),术中失血360~520 mL(平均445 mL)。所有患者术后随访3~26个月(平均16.5个月),JOA评分见表1。术后并发症:有5例患者出现术后并发症,其中1例出现脑脊液漏伤口延迟愈合;4例出现肺部感染其中1例并发泌尿系感染;1例患者术后1月死于呼吸功能衰竭。置入侧快螺钉中有126枚优良,有2枚穿破椎动脉孔,但无明显压迫症状发生,优良率98.4%,无螺丝钉松动、移位、断裂发生,无神经损伤并发症发生。

3 讨论

多节段颈椎管狭窄并发颈椎骨折的患者常出现严重的临床症状,由于椎管狭窄脊髓的储备空间缺失,可能只有轻微的脊髓压迫症状发生,但在轻微暴力情况下就可能出现神经根和脊髓的水肿变性,从而使症状加重。一些严重的患者会出现截瘫、感觉丧失或大小便失禁,这些患者往往有很低的术前JOA评分,手术治疗效果不佳。此外,不同的手术方式可能对于患者的预后有重要的影响,达到脊髓的彻底减压从而尽可能恢复神经功能,保留脊柱的稳定性,尽量减少术后并发症是治疗这类患者的主要目的[4]。

对于颈脊髓减压的手术方法有不同的观点,但术后并发症发生率和临床治疗效果往往不能兼得,例如对于多节段脊髓型颈椎病的ACDF手术有较高的不融合率[5]。颈椎前后联合入路融合手术也是一种选择,但给患者带来很大的手术创伤,而且在稳定性方面没有明显改善[6]。后路椎板切除术破坏了脊柱后方稳定结构从而影响脊柱的稳定性。另外前路椎体次全切除椎间融合手术也被发现存在稳定性方面的欠缺及较多的术后并发症,尤其是对于多节段的颈椎病,相对于前路手术及后路椎板切除手术,后路开门手术可充分减压并有更好的术后稳定性,但可能出现术后轴性疼痛的发生。辅助后路侧块螺钉的固定进一步提高了后路的稳定性。

ACCF和后路开门手术都适合多节段颈椎病的治疗,但后路手术可带来更彻底的减压和更少的术中手术并发症,手术操作简单而且保留颈部的活动度,手术费用较低,术后并发症少,且对于全瘫患者后路手术感染率低[7]。另外,Seng C[5]对比观察两种手术治疗效果,前路(n=64),后路(n=52),结论是后路开门手术具有更好的功能恢复,更少的术中出血、更少的手术并发症、以及更低的术后退变发生。Ryba[8]对比多节段颈椎创伤的ACCF和后路开门手术的治疗效果,发现前路手术时间长、出血多,更容易并发生理曲度的丢失和后凸畸形的发生。国内的一些研究也支持后路成形手术作为多节段颈椎病的首选治疗方法[9]。不过后路手术由于颈部肌肉的缺血及废用性萎缩导致轴性疼痛发生率较高,手术未出现轴性疼痛,可能归功于结合可靠的侧快螺钉固定及术后有效的功能锻炼。对于颈椎手术,尤其是伴有不稳定性骨折的颈椎手术来说,稳定性重建是重要的目的,后路内固定手术对比前路有更好的术后稳定性[10]。DiAngelo等[11]认为对于多节段颈椎病患者前路次全切除植骨融合手术并不能提供足够的稳定性。Schmeiser等[12]通过尸体标该研究发现后路侧块螺钉固定可提供可靠的稳定性。

4 结语

后路单开门椎板成形手术可以达到彻底减压的目的,后路侧快螺丝钉固定可以达到有效可靠的术后稳定性,我们的治疗经验认为二者结合是治疗多节段颈椎病和骨折多位的一种安全、可靠、简单、易行的解决策略。

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(收稿日期:2016-07-29)

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