The enlightenment of the eastern and western sports culture in the Chinese colle

Abstract. The eastern sports culture in the edification of the Confucianism gradually formed a unique style integrating the health fitness， moral education， entertainment competition. Under the great influence of the Western Olympic movement， the eastern sports culture is no longer a self contained body in the closed environment， but develops rapidly in the confluence of the mutual integration and mutual competition with the of western sports culture. At the same time， the value ingredients in the eastern sports culture have been accepted by more and more westerners. From the guided thinking of the eastern and western sports culture， considering from the twenty-first century and the future society needs， starting from reforming and improving the contents and structures of the physical education， the author puts forward the composite concept of physical education centered around the ideological and moral education， the competitive value， and the ability training.

Key words： East and West； sports culture； sports education

In the rapid change and development of the education today， colleges and universities in China obtain the opportunity of development richly endowed by nature. How the physical education in colleges of our country "face the modernization， face the world， face the future， and keep pace with the times" has become the central topic of sports workers to be solved. For example， Chinese college physical education should not abandon the "natural" separation "Jingwei line" between the eastern and western sports cultures on the basis of the idea framework and the category system of the public colleges and universities and the traditional cultures， complement each other and mutually reinforce， which can form the basic way and culture "perspective" for us to think of the Chinese college physical education. This paper starts from the analysis of the development of the eastern and western sports culture， uses the methods of literature review， and integrates the obtained enlightenment into the Chinese college physical education in the understanding of their prominent theory of the oriental and western sports cultures， to improve the contents， structures and characteristics of Chinese college physical education.

1. The eastern and western sports cultures

The history of the development of the world sports indicates that the world sports were first produced in the east instead of the west. In 5000 BC， the ancient east began to transit to the civilized society. The oriental sports in this historical period have a positive impact not only in the later western sports， but also on the sports world. When the oriental sports existed as a whole in the human society and got the full development， namely the 11-9 century BC， the birthplace of European civilization， located in the ancient Greece of the southern Europe， Rome was still in the age of mythology childish， and the physical nature also had just started. Through the creation and development of 8-5 century BC， the west began to form the sports type different from the eastern sports and has distinctive characters of the west. So far， the western sports were in the initial formation. The world sports also entered a new stage with the two different types of sports on the east and west adding radiance and beauty to each other， parallel but un-synchronously developing.

During the 2-10 century AD， the majority of the countries in the East Asia and the North Africa entered the feudal society， and the oriental sports continued to maintain its prosperity in the good social conditions， and tend to be more and more mature. The western sports at that time both in the contents and the forms was far backward and poor compared to the oriental sports of the same period. However， during the period from the fifteenth century to the seventeenth century， the Europe developed in the capitalist society， so that the western sports began to enter a great turning period. The western sports gradually got rid of the backward state， and were separated from the wars and religious activities， becoming an independent and complete social phenomenon. The eastern culture with Confucianism as the core and the western culture with Protestant Ethic as the core are two different cultural origins. Obviously， the eastern and the western sports cultures must be of their respective cultural colors and features. At the same time， with the development of the modern natural science， people’s sports values changed， becoming aware that the modern sports have specific values for the cultivation of the personality and physique of all-round development the new era needs.

1-1. The eastern sports culture

The prosperous situation formed in the ancient of the oriental sports with China， Japan， India， Korea and other Asian countries as the representatives has not been fully developed further in modern times all because of the kind of close and feudal social conditions most of the time in the international intercourse. The oriental sports have entered a period of stagnation and shadow. Since the nineteen fifties， the fundamental change has taken place in the eastern social conditions， narrowing the gap between China and the western countries in the economic， cultural and technological development. The rise of China， Korea， Vietnam and other socialist countries in Asia and the high speed development of the East Asian tigers in the economy， culture and science and technology make the oriental sports with the Asian countries as the representatives develop rapidly in the intersection and fusion with the western sports with the Olympic movements as the core. As far as China is concerned， after generations of inheritance， variation and development， China has gradually formed its own unique styles and personalities， and the basic spirit with the health fitness and moral cultivation as the main purpose and highly consistent with the Chinese traditional cultures as well as the sports forms of the national character that this culture forgings. China has also formed a stable structure， and the independent physical culture system different from the sports forms of any other countries in the world. After the Opium War， the western sports have been introduced into China， so that the eastern and western sports cultures mutual integrate， and gradually formed a new pattern of mutual migration and competition and improving together of the eastern and western sports cultures.

1-2. The western sports culture

The development of the western modern sports has undergone roughly three stages. The first stage （the ancient Greece period）， the ancient Greece attached great importance to the youth physical training. 300 years BC ago， the educator Platon in his mind and body harmony educational design， planned the contents and requirements of the sports activities of various ages. The second stage （the Renaissance period）， the British educator Rock first proposed the "three-education theory"， which is to divide the education into the three parts of the physical education， the moral education and the intellectual education， and stressed that "a healthy spirit ensures a healthy body". The third stage （after the nineteenth century revolution）， at that time the German gymnastics were in vogue， and at the same time the ball games in the United States， and the French sports had also developed rapidly. Its main contents were athletics， gymnastics， weight lifting and various ball games. These movements particularly lay emphasis on the muscle exercise and the athletic body. Researches show that the features of the western sports cultures are associated with the adaptive capitalist historical conditions and the competitive and philosophical adventures， thus forming an aggressive style paying attention to "cultivating vital energy"， building bodies and paying attention to the external unity and competition. At the end of the nineteenth century， the direct result of the development of the western sports culture brought about the Olympic movement. The Olympic movement has experienced a century of development， finally becoming a relatively independent social phenomenon beyond the realm of sports， and affecting the international politics， economy and culture. At the same time， with the rapid development of the material civilization of the western society， people feel more and more disappointed and bored with the modern society with the lack of exercise and the mental decadent life. Thus to the westerners trying to get out of this situation， many sports thoughts and modes of motion in the oriental sports are more and more attractive for them.

2. The enlightenment of the eastern and western sports cultures on the Chinese college physical education

Chinese traditional physical education in colleges and universities highlights the "three basics" as the center， which grasps the essence and the connotation of the physical education. However， considering from the respective characteristics of the east and west sports cultures and the trend of the gradual convergence， as well as the demands of the "quality education in the twenty-first century" and the requirements of the future society on the sports， the author thinks that the reflection on Chinese college physical education contents from the perspective of the eastern and western sports cultures can have the following enlightenments on the construction of Chinese university physical education content system.

2-1. The cultivation of moral and ethic education is an urgent task of Chinese physical education in colleges and universities.

At present， in the physical education of Chinese universities， there are many problems that the educational ideas lag behind， the educational contents are weak， the education form is single， the education links come apart， and so on， which are not conducive to the cultivation of students' morality. Therefore， in the physical education teaching， we should vigorously carry forward the essence of the eastern and western sports cultures， and really integrate the western sports culture competition， self values， moral philosophy and the ways of the world， health preserving methods and the moral ideas of the oriental sports culture with China as the representative into the physical education in universities， to make the college physical education integrate into the western ethics， and make the physical education become one of the college students "moral sanctification" means， as an urgent task and a long-term goal of the physical education in colleges and universities of China. If the task is completed well， it is bound to promote the rapid development of the Chinese university sports education.

2-2. Excellent sports items should be transplanted to China university sports education.

In recent years of education， the oriental sports items with the Chinese national traditional sports items as the representative， such as Wushu， Qigong， dragon boat， dragon and lion dance， kite， swing and other traditional ethnic sports items， especially the shadow boxing， began gradually to transfer， introduce and develop in the western， breaking through the denotation and connotation of the western sports culture. And the western competitive sports items， such as basketball， soccer， baseball， track and field， exploration， rock climbing， gymnastics， boxing and so on， have also been gradually transplanted into the people’s minds of all ethnic groups in the east， and have won the love and participation. Therefore， if we can combine and screen the outstanding sports items of the eastern and western sports cultures， and transplant them into Chinese college physical education， we are sure to enrich the contents of the physical education and improve the grades of Chinese college physical education to achieve the optimization of the physical education.

2-3. Acceptance of the sports concepts should be reflected in the Chinese physical education in colleges and universities.

The traditional Chinese view of life， view of health， harmony and the corresponding physical health concepts contain rich contents of human life sciences， such as paying attention to the unity of the body and the mind， and the internal and external coordination， the association of activity and inertia and many other dialectical thoughts， which have received more and more human cognition. The concept of competition， competitive qualities， male fierce styles that the western competitive sports perform are absorbed and accepted by the oriental culture. The mutual acceptance of a variety of sports concepts has gradually become the consensus of the oriental and western sports cultures， so it should be reflected in the Chinese sports education in colleges and universities. With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and the rapid development of the modernization construction， as well as the rapid rise of colleges and universities， the construction of the new socialist education with Chinese characteristics is the glorious and arduous task placed in front of the Chinese colleges and universities. Therefore， positively and actively accepting the concepts of eastern and western sports cultures， admitting the life， health， health care， competition， enterprising， bravery， tenacity， and other sports concepts in the eastern and western sports cultures to the college physical education， will not only obtain vitality， but also is essential to strengthening the training and update of the sports concepts of the students.

2-4. Awakening of the values of harmony， cooperation， and competition in our country

The cultivation of the values of harmony， cooperation and competition， and the improvement of the students’ qualities should be highlighted in the higher education. In the future society， competition， cooperation， and harmony are the main melody. At present， the cultivation of people's cooperative， harmonious， competitive values will make the human beings develop the good quality of the group who will exchange friendly， live together in peace， respect for others， compete fairly， and cooperate in public relations. "This kind of moral and ethnic education is not only in conformity with the 'healthy mode' of the three perfect states of 'physiology， psychology， and society' the United Nations health organization proposed， but also conforms to the ideological change of the world education reform from 'learning to live' of the 70's to 'learning to care' of the 80s to 'learning to work' of the 90s". It combines the Olympic spirits in the eastern and western sports cultures， and "faster， higher， stronger" expresses the soul essence of making arduous efforts and being always aggressive. Competition， cooperation， and harmony are the essence of sports， and are an important factor for pushing forward the advance of history， and are the cornerstone of Chinese college students' survival. If there is no competition， harmony， and cooperation， sports will lose its charm. Therefore， to successfully cultivate the cross-century qualified talents， the university sports education should draw lessons from the core of the eastern and western sports cultures， and cultivate students' strong personality. And through cooperation and harmony， improve the group literacy， and exercise the physical development and cultivate the competing ideas and competitive abilities through the competition training， so that the students learn to strive for the improvement， development， survival， and contribution in the competition.

2-5. Ability training should be the priority among priorities of Chinese college physical education.

To cultivate the applied talents is the basic goal of the current Chinese universities. Only by integrating together the two different ability cultivations of the health building capacity of the eastern sports culture which emphasizes the "consciousness" and the ability of the western sports culture which emphasizes the regulation of the "shape" to improve the human "internal environment" will the Chinese college physical education cultivate students' self exercise， sports and competition， self-reliance and strain， entertainment and recreation， repair and survival and other abilities， and explore the inner meanings from the spirits and will characters of the students. Chinese college sports workers should take "teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes， comprehensive education" as the means to improve students' interests， hobbies and habits in sports in the cultivation of their abilities， so as to lay a solid foundation for the lifelong sports， and to cultivate and shape the young students who will determine the future and the destiny of the Chinese nation.

3. Conclusion

To sum up， the sports education of China's universities in the socialism with Chinese characteristics and the developing countries should take on their respective prominent features of the eastern and western sports cultures， and bear the responsibility of education for the motherland. If we can integrate the essence of the eastern and western sports cultures into the physical education， we will be able to make the physical education of Chinese universities become the university physical education which will meet the needs of the society， achieve the satisfaction of the parents， be highly responsible for the students， and be in line with the international standards of physical education.

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