非谓语动词专题导航讲与练

时间:2022-08-10 02:24:32

非谓语动词专题导航讲与练

专题导航

非谓语动词是近年来高考必考内容,全国各地的高考均把它作为重要的考点,有些省市高考单项填空涉及非谓语动词的试题多达3题,由此可见其重要性。

2010―2012年高考单项填空高考非谓语动词考点测试内容分析表:

词法考点非谓语

动词1. 非谓语动词作状语的用法(重中之重,几乎占所考查题目的一半);

2. 非谓语动词作定语的用法;

3. 非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语和补语的用法;

4. 独立主格结构;

5. 非谓语动词和谓语动词辨析与综合运用。英语词法中的非谓语动词是考生感到最难的考点之一,主要表现在:1.非谓语动词的多样性;2.非谓语动词的用法区别;3.非谓语动词的语法功能异同;4.非谓语动词的时态、语态的综合考查;5.非谓语动词与谓语动词的综合考查;6.独立主格结构;7.非谓语动词与相关从句的转换等。这就要求熟练掌握各种非谓语动词的知识,敏锐捕捉语境信息,并灵活运用。通过学习与实践不断摸索其规律,认真总结,便能攻克这个“碉堡”。

考点一:动名词与动词不定式作主语

动名词(短语)作主语经常放在句首,谓语动词用单数,也可用it代替主语,常见的固定句型有:Its a waste of time doing…; Its no use/ useless/ no good doing…。动名词作主语多表示比较笼统的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成的动作。动词不定式(短语)作主语也经常放在句首,大多数情况下为了保持句子的平衡常与形式主语it连用。有时候可形成Its + adj. of/ for sb. to do sth.句型。动词不定式作主语多表示比较具体的、一次性的动作或将来的动作,强调的是动作本身。

【典例1】 No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better silent. (2012年浙江卷)

A. remainB. be remaining

C. having remainedD. to remain

【解析】D。it作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式:to remain silent,可归结为句型:it is +形容词/名词+to do/that…当然it也可以作形式宾语,如find/feel it +to do/that…

【典例2】 in the leg made it difficult for him to run as fast as usual.

A. Being injuredB. To be injured

C. Having injuredD. Injured

【解析】A。句意:腿受伤使得他很难像以前一样跑得快。此处缺少主语,而过去分词不能作主语,排除D项;B项表示没有发生的动作,与语境不符。此处应该用动名词作主语,“腿受伤”应该使用动名词的被动语态,故排除C,选A。

考点二:动名词与动词不定式作宾语

1. 动名词作宾语:可以作为动词的宾语或介词的宾语。常见的接动名词作宾语的动词(短语)很多,考生在记忆上经常出现问题,下面给同学们提供经典名句“一语真经”( Mrs. P. Black missed a beef bag.)助你巧学妙记:

【锦囊妙记1】

巧记接动名词作宾语的动词

用Mrs. P. Black missed a beef bag.这句话巧记对应的词如下:mind, risk, suggest, practice, be busy(in), look forward to, admit/ appreciate, cant help(禁不住)/ consider(考虑), keep(on), miss, imagine/insist on, succeed in, stick to, enjoy, delay/deny, avoid, be used to, excuse, escape, finish/fancy, be interested in/ be devoted to, advise, give up【锦囊妙记2】

巧记接动名词作宾语的动词

考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想;

避免躲过继续练,否认完成就欣赏;

禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。【典例1】Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs to achieve the final success. (2012年湖南卷)

A. being doneB. do

C. to be doneD. to do

【解析】C。因为work与do为被动关系,而need后表被动用动词\|ing的主动形式表被动含义,或用不定式的被动形式,故选C。

【典例2】China recently tightened its waters controls near the Diao Yu Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats fromin the specific sea area.

A. attacking

B. having attacked

C. being attacked

D. having been attacked

【解析】C。preventfrom doing sth “阻止某人做某事”,本句中的fishing boats和attack是被动关系,所以选择C项。

2. 不定式作宾语:一些及物动词只能接动词不定式来作宾语。下面给同学们杜撰一个词“Merdowphal”(音译“磨豆腐喽”)助你巧学妙记:

【锦囊妙记】

m―mean(打算),manage; e―expect; r―refuse; d―dare, desire, determine; o―offer; w―want, wish; p―promise, pretend, plan;h―hope; a―ask, agree, arrange; l―long, learn在实际的使用和高考中经常会考查以下几个动词或短语后跟动名词或不定式作宾语时的意义不同,如mean, remember, try, stop, forget, regret, go on等。

【锦囊妙记】

巧记后面接不定式和动名词意义不同的词:

一记二忘三遗憾,四试五图六停止七后继续(remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop,go on)【典例1】I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. (2012年安徽卷)

A. lockingB. to lock

C. having lockedD. to have locked

【解析】A。remember后既可接不定式,也可接动名词,remember doing sth记得做过某事(已做);remember to do sth记得去做某事(未做),故选A。

【典例2】Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it when necessary.

A. reusingB. reused

C. reusesD. to be reused

【解析】D。句意:现在人们时常把垃圾分类,在必要时使得它们更容易被再利用。根据句意可知,第一个it为形式宾语,空格处为真正的宾语,第二个it指waste。根据句意可知此处应该使用被动式,B项的过去分词表示已经完成的动作,D项不定式的一般式表示将要发生的动作,故选D。

考点三:非谓语动词作状语的用法

1. 现在分词与不定式作状语的用法

① 现在分词作状语表示自然而然的结果,不定式表示出乎意料的结果。

② 多数情况下用现在分词作原因状语,不定式只用在表示喜怒哀乐等表语形容词后表示原因。

③ 现在分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等,它的否定形式是在其前加否定词not;不定式只作目的状语。

【典例1】Having finished her project, she was invited by the schoolto the new students. (2012年江西卷)

A. speakingB. having spoken

C. to speakD. to have spoken

【解析】C。不定式表目的,相当于in order to do或so as to do;又因D选项时态错误,故选C。

【典例2】 All night long he lay awake, how to solve the problem as soon as possible.

A. to thinkB. thinking

C.thoughtD. being thought

【解析】B。现在分词作伴随状语,表示该动作与谓语动词lay awake同时发生。句意:他彻夜未眠,思量着如何尽快解决这个问题。

2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语的用法

表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况,通常用现在分词或过去分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系,则用现在分词;doing sth表示分词的动作与主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生(虽有先后关系,但两个动作非常紧凑),我们可以用“主动、进行”来记住现在分词作状语的用法。

若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系,用过去分词或现在分词的被动式。如果表示的动作发生于谓语所表示的动作之前,就用分词的完成体having done或用完成的被动形式having been done或done来表示。done 表分词的动作与主句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系,即主语是动作的承受者,也就是说,done作状语一般表“被动”。 having been done表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生,而且是被动意义,也就是强调“被动、完成”。

【典例1】to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. (2012年重庆卷)

A. Having been asked

B. To ask

C. Having asked

D. To be asked

【解析】A。逗号前为原因状语,空白处与句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,由此可排除表示主动关系的B和C选项,D选项常作目的和结果状语,不作原因状语,也可排除,而A选项为现在分词完成式的被动形式,可作时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语等。因此,正确答案为A选项。

【典例2】 the robber, the little girl hid behind the tree out of her life.

A. Seeing; frightened

B. Seeing; frightening

C. Seen; frightened

D. To see; frightening

【解析】A。首先小姑娘看见强盗说明see和句子的主语是主动关系;C项是过去分词,其根本属性是表示被动,表示一个在句子谓语发生之前已经发生的一个被动动作;D项虽然表示了和主语之间的主动关系,但不定式的根本属性是表示将来。所以C,D均可被排除。而frightened(受惊的)作状语说明了主语受惊后的状态;frightening(令人恐惧的)说明主语的特点。故答案为A。

考点四:非谓语动词作定语

动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词均可作定语。其用法为:

1. 不定式作定语:不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作,完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语,则该不定式多用主动表被动,否则,用被动式。

2. ing分词作定语:单个的ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,ing短语作定语一般后置。ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行,否则,要用从句作定语。

3. \|ed分词作定语: ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成的动作,ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作, ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。像定语从句一样,分词作定语也有非限制性的,其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。

【典例1】The lecture, at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. (2012年湖南卷)

A. startingB. being started

C. to startD. to be started

【解析】A。根据last night可知已经开始,故排除C、D(不定式表示将来),而B项being started表示正在进行,也可排除。本题用现在分词作后置定语表示the lecture的动作为主动进行,可以改为相应的定语从句The lecture, which started …

【典例2】Were having a meeting in an hour. The decision at the meeting will be concerned with the development of our school.

A. to be made

B. being made

C. made

D. having been made

【解析】A。分析句子结构可知,空白处为后置定语,与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的被动关系,而且是将要发生的动作。由此可知,表示被动和将来的A选项符合题意。B表示被动进行,C表示被动完成,D表示被动完成,但是不作定语。因此,正确答案为A选项。

考点五:非谓语动词作补语

过去分词与不定式、现在分词均可作宾语补足语,其区别如下:

三者与宾语逻辑上都是主谓关系,但是过去分词强调它们之间的被动关系,不定式强调动作发生的全过程,现在分词强调它们之间的主动关系。具体表现为:

1. 不定式可以表示一次性、具体,以及将来意义的行为。

2. 现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为,亦可表示一个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。

3. 过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态,及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。

【典例1】 I looked up and noticed a snake its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. (2012年四川卷)

A. to windB. wind

C. windingD. wound

【解析】 C。此题考查现在分词作宾语补足语。winding its way与宾语snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行,故选C。

【典例2】Many students hope that their teachers can give them a good way to have her written English in a short period.

A. improvedB. improving

C. to improveD. improve

【解析】A。所填词作have的宾语补足语,与宾语her written English是被动关系,用过去分词。

考点六:独立主格结构

独立主格结构是一个独立主格的名词或代词(作为逻辑主格),加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语构成。其作用相当于状语,多用来表示行为、方式或伴随情况,有时也用来表示时间和条件。独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。

独立主格结构的特点:

1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。

2.名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是主谓关系。

3.独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

4.有时可用介词with +名词/代词+分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语来表示。

【锦囊妙记】

with复合结构用法口诀

with结构并不难,with后面宾语连;

动宾关系用过分,主谓关系用现分;

将来要把不定跟,还有三种形副介。【典例1】 The party will be held in the garden, weather. (2012年全国卷II)

A. permittingB. to permit

C. permittedD. permit

【解析】A。此处主句的主语party和weather不一致,所以weather保留,作permitting的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构。另外,weather与permit之间是主动关系,故用现在分词。句意:如果天气允许,聚会将在花园举行。

【典例2】 The final test, we began our happy holiday, which was what we had expected.

A. finishedB. to finish

C. being finishedD. having finished

【解析】A。从the final test与finish之间的关系看明显为被动,所以先排除B和D项,而being finished表示正在进行的被动与句意和语境不符。该独立主格结构在句中作状语,相当于一个时间状语从句。When / After the final test was finished, we began our happy holiday, which was what we had expected.

考点七:非谓语动词的省略

为了语言的简洁明了,通常不定式to在一些固定结构中可被省略,如had better do, would rather do, cant help but do等,此外在why (not) do…?等句型中也可省略to。另外,在一些从句中,为了简洁需要,当主从句主语一致时也常使用分词表示,省略相关的sb / sth be等形式。

【典例1】Whenfor his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.(2012年安徽卷)

A. askingB. asked

C. having askedD. to be asked

【解析】B。句意:当问到他对于他所从事的教学工作时,Philip说他发现这份工作很有趣和很有益。根据句意可知Philip与ask之间为被动关系且该动作已经发生,用Ved 表示,故选B。

【典例2】When help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “its kind of you.”

A. offeringB. to offer

C. offeredD. offer

【解析】C。句意:人们受到帮助时经常会说“谢谢你”或“你真好”。完整的句子为:When one is offered help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “its kind of you.” offer的搭配为offersth或offerto do sth,one和offer的关系为被动,所以用过去分词。

【名师赐招】

非谓语动词解题三部曲

1. 弄清是谓语还是非谓语;2. 若确定是非谓语,则再考虑其逻辑主语是什么,逻辑主语与动词之间存在什么样的逻辑关系;3. 确定关系后再确定时态,根据谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作发生的先后顺序来确定时态。巩固提高

1. After completing the letter and signing your name, please return it to me in the envelope .

A. givingB. given

C. having givenD. give

2. ―What was it that made Jenny so embarrassed?

― to sing in public.

A. Having asked

B. To ask

C. Being asked

D. Having been asked

3. Everyone must have been asked by their parents to take care of their wallets when and the door at home for safety reasons.

A. going out; locking

B. go out; locking

C. going out; lock

D. go out; lock

4. It is reported that some wild animals were found in a big cave in the mountain.

A. to hide dead

B. hidden dead

C. hiding dead

D. hidden death

5. Not far from the school there was a garden,owner, an old gentleman, seated in it telling stories to his little grandson after school.

A. thatB. whose

C. whichD. its

6. No time for sports, even music, films and TV programs, all we students can see is exercises, exam papers and this sort of things.

A. not mentioning

B. not mention

C. not to mention

D. to mention no

7. The color TV set he is in good state now.

A. has repairing

B. having repaired

C. has been repaired

D. has had repaired

8. Many Chinese can hardly imagine Mo Yan the Nobel Prize for Literature, for no one got such a prize before.

A. winB. to win

C. winningD. to have won

9. What a great weight we felt our minds when we witnessed the Chinese famous swimmer, Sun Yan first reached the goal in London Olympics.

A. taking off

B. being taken off

C. taken off

D. to have taken off

10. in class, the naughty boy deliberately raised his voice and made a face.

A. NoticingB. To notice

C. NoticedD. To be noticed

11. The only way she thought of money was to sell her Olympic gold.

A. gotB. getting

C. to getD. get

12. The country life he was used to greatly since the opening policy.

A. change

B. has changed

C. changing

D. having changed

13. The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing have attracted many drivers attention.

A. solvingB. solve

C. to solveD. solved

14. The 2012 Nobel Prize for Literature was given to a Chinese writer, Mo Yan, himself in all at once.

A. engaging;being interviewed

B. engaging;interviewed

C. engaged;being interviewed

D. engage;interviewing

15. Phelps, to drug after the 29th Olympics, won his 11 gold medals and became the most famous athlete in the world .

A. addictedB. addicting

C. to addictD. addicts

答案与解析

1. B。此处动词provide与其逻辑主语envelope之间是被动关系,在句中作定语,相当于which is given。句意为:完成并签名后,请把表格放入我们提供的信封内送回。

2. C。答语相当于问句中的what,在句中作主语,而能作主语的应该是动名词或不定式,但根据语境应该用被动式,故选C。

3. C。when为时间状语从句的连接词,后面接分词,接现在分词为主动关系,接过去分词与主语为被动关系,根据everyone与go out是主谓关系,故go out用现在分词;lock实际上是to lock的省略形式,与题干中的to take care of是并列成分。

4. B。考查分词作补语和形容词作状语的用法。find+宾语+doing/done,其被动形式为be found+doing/done。现在分词表“主动,动作正在进行”,过去分词表“被动,动作已完成”。dead是形容词作状语通常表示“主语所处的一种状态”。

5. D。考查独立主格结构和动词seat的用法。动词seat常用结构:sb be seated+介词或sb seat oneself+介词。此题中seated是过去分词,its owner seated in it为独立主格结构。

6. C。not to mention为一动词不定式的固定用法,意为“更不用说”。

7. D。 考查学生的综合能力。首先要知道he是定语从句,对先行词The TV set进行修饰。由于the TV set在定语从句中作宾语,所以可以省略关系代词that或which,而定语从句中有have sth done结构,即文章的句子为:The TV set that/ which he has had repaired is in good state now.主句为The TV set is in good state now.

8. C。本句考查imaginedoing sth结构。imagine后通常接动名词的复合结构作宾语,其中宾语可以是sb / ones doing。

9. C。将整个句子还原后变成:We felt a great weight our minds when…,weight与take off为被动关系,可以先排除A和D,再从后面的when从句看,该动作已经结束,暗示完成,应该选过去分词表示完成的被动。

10. D。notice和the boy构成被动关系,并且在此表示目的,故用动词不定式的被动形式。

11. C。不定式作目的状语;thought of的宾语是the way。本题容易受思维定势影响选B,认为是think of后面直接接doing。做这类试题应该分析好句子的成分。

12. B。考查学生的综合能力。The country life 是定语从句的先行词,同时也是句子的主语。而he was used to是定语从句,省略了关系代词that/which。而在since短语或从句中其谓语动词通常用完成时态,故此答案为B。

13. D。we are looking forward to seeing为定语从句修饰先行词the traffic problems, 其中先行词部分为seeing的宾语,其后接宾补;但the traffic problems应该是被解决的,所以应该用过去分词作宾补。

14. A。考查非谓语动词。engage oneself in sth / doing sth“正做着,正忙着”。选项A在句中作伴随状语,起补充说明作用。engaging himself in being interviewed = and he engaged himself in being interviewed。

15. A。句子的主语为Phelps, 谓语为won and became,addict的搭配为sb be addicted to,完整的句子为Phelps, who was addicted to drug…故选A。

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