从语篇角度看句法结构

时间:2022-07-14 04:38:49

从语篇角度看句法结构

传统语法教学主要把关注的焦点放在句子层面(sentence level),主要研究单句的结构特征,很少从语篇的角度(discourse level)来考察句子的构造。本期笔者将从篇章角度来探讨语篇对于单句的句法结构所产生的影响。

请大家先来看看《经济学人》(The Economist)杂志中的这句话。

1. As important are its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture.

这个句子结构及句子意思该如何理解呢?有读者给笔者提供了这样的解读:这是个as引导的方式状语从句并且采用了倒装结构,可以改成:“As its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture are important.”在这里,读者对句子采用了倒装结构及主语中心词是efforts的解读是正确的,但是关于as用法的解读是错误的。

实际上,这里的as是副词,用于修饰形容词important,而且句子采用了倒装,将as important置于句首了。因此,正常的句子结构应该为:

2. Its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture are as important.

还原成正常的语序之后,我们能很清楚地看到:这里的as实际上是“as … as”比较句的一部分,只不过这个句子将第二个as及其后面的比较对象都省略了。为什么这里的as及其后面的比较对象能够省略?我们可以推断,原因必定是该句的上文出现了另外一个比较对象。下面我们需要通过考察该句所在的上文语境来验证上述推断。

原文中有这样的两段内容。

Goldman’s attempts to rehabilitate its reputation have consisted in part of changing its internal rules for dealing with clients. The new rules are best summed up as Goldman playing Nanny to its clients, instead of acting as an equal to its counterparties. Almost all clients bar (除外,不计) the biggest and smartest have had limits placed (排序) on the sorts of transactions they can undertake. Municipalities, for instance, may not be allowed to buy or sell derivatives (金融衍生工具) unless these are clearly matched by an underlying interest (a loan that needs hedging [套期保值,套购保值], say). Goldman is also being more open with clients, telling them exactly how much it will earn from transactions and what different roles it may be playing.

As important are its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture. As well as the hours of training—the programme is being run across the firm, and the first sessions were led by Lloyd Blankfein, Goldman’s chief executive—internal incentives have been revamped. Pay and promotion are now tied more to whether employees work well in teams, for instance. There is less focus on rewarding staff for the revenue they generate.

通过这样完整的上下文,请读者查找一下被省略的比较对象是什么。

其实,只要我们认真阅读两个段落的首句就会发现,我们所分析的句子的两个比较对象是Goldman’s attempts和its efforts,实际上这里attempts与efforts就是同义词替换表达。由此我们可以得出这样一个完整的“as … as”比较句。

3. Goldman’s efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture are as important as its attempts to rehabilitate its reputation.

本句表达的意思为:“高盛公司不只是试图挽回声誉,同样重要的是改革公司文化。”在接下来的一段中,作者说道:“These reforms may not be enough, however, without deeper structural changes aimed at reducing the number of conflicts, real or perceived, with which it constantly has to grapple.”这里的these reforms就是指上面两段中的changing its internal rules for dealing with clients和to reprogram the firm’s culture这两项改革。

综上所述,在篇章阅读中,看到“As important are its efforts …”这样的单句,我们需要迅速地判断出该句的句法特征:①采用了倒装结构;②是“as … as”比较句,其中第二个as及其后面的比较对象省略了;③该句的上文语境必然出现了被比较的对象,从而把两段内容联系起来。这就告诉我们,在阅读英语篇章时,我们不能“只见树木,不见森林”,不可只做单句翻译,而是要全面地把握文章的内在逻辑联系。另一方面,在阅读篇章里的单句时,即使在没有篇章语境的情况下,我们也可以凭借自己扎实的句法功底做出上述推断。

我们看到,“As important are its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture”这个句子同时含有省略与倒装这两种语言构造现象。下面笔者来进一步分析产生这些语言现象背后的原因。

首先我们来看省略。由上面的分析可知,这个句子之所以省略比较对象Goldman’s attempts to rehabilitate its reputation,是因为这一对象在上文语境中已经出现,此处省略是为了避免重复。这个句子只需要通过as important就可以告知读者,这里是在做比较,读者可以通过上文语境推出省略的比较对象。也就是说,篇章语境促成了这个句子的省略。

然后我们来看倒装。这个句子之所以采用倒装结构,是因为省略比较对象之后这个句子的表语部分就只剩下as important,比较简短,而句子主语its efforts to reprogram the firm’s culture是一个相对较长的名词短语。根据英语的尾重原则,这个句子宜采用倒装结构,即把整个表语前置到句首,而把主语放在句末,以避免头重脚轻。也就是说,省略导致该句倒装。

由此可见,这个句子是因为篇章语境,所以产生了省略,进而由于省略才导致句子的倒装,即如下所示的连锁反应:

篇章语境省略倒装

总之,之所以出现“As important are its efforts …”这样特殊结构的句子,其根源是篇章语境。这给我们如下启示:句法结构的研究不能只停留在单句层面,而应该超越单句,从篇章语境这样一个更广阔的视角来考察句子结构的动态变化。只有这样,我们学到的句法规则才不是静态的、僵化的死规则,而是灵活的、更贴近真实的语言使用语境的活思维,是一种真正意义上的思维表达。

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