情态动词表推测用法小议

时间:2022-06-23 10:12:39

情态动词表推测的用法是高考的命题热点,也是同学们的学习难点。许多同学对表推测的情态动词混淆不清,做题时把握不准。为了帮助同学们更好地区分这类动词,下文将从不同角度剖析这一语法难点,并结合高考试题提供相应的应试策略。

英语中常用来表示推测用法的情态动词有:must,can,could,may,might,should等。可以从以下三个角度对它们加以区分:

一、 从不同的句式

情态动词表猜测的用法是有句式限制的。情态动词在不同的句式中的使用具体见下表。

从上表我们可以清楚地看到:must只用于肯定句;may/might一般不用于疑问句;而can多用于否定句、疑问句,用于肯定句时,多指“理论上的可能性”或“有时候的可能性”。

例如:Even expert drivers can make mistakes. 甚至是很熟练的驾驶员也可能会犯错。(理论上的可能)

The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it can be slow. “万维网”有时被戏称为“万等网”,因为网速有时会很慢。(有时候的可能性)

【考例探究】

1. I can’t find John everywhere. Where

_____________ he have gone?

A. can B. must

C. should D. would

【解析】本句为疑问句,而且表示推测。B项表示肯定的推测,常用于肯定句中;C项也不用于疑问句的推测;D项表示过去习惯(做某事)。故选A。

2. Cars play an important role in modern life, but they_____________ also cause many problems like air pollution.

A. should B. can

C. must D. will

【解析】情态动词can可用于肯定句中,表示有时候的可能性。故选B。

二、 从语气的强弱

根据说话人对推测对象的把握程度以及所进行的肯定与否定的推测,借用数学中“大于号”的形式,可以形象地将它们的用法区别表现出来。表示肯定的猜测时,各情态动词语气强弱如下:must>may>might;表示否定的猜测时,can’t>couldn’t>may not>might not。

例如:He doesn’t like driving on rainy days. He must be coming by bus. 他不喜欢下雨天开车;他一定是乘公共汽车来。(肯定推测,把握很大)

She might not like the idea. 她或许会不赞成这个想法。(肯定推测,把握较小)

The man standing there can’t be Mr. Zhang. Mr. Zhang has just gone to Beijing. 站在那儿的那个男人不可能是张先生。张先生刚刚到北京去了。(否定推测,把握很大)

解题时,如果题干中有客观依据,应该选择猜测语气最强的情态动词;如果没有客观依据,则应选择猜测语气较弱的情态动词。

【考例探究】

1.(2011北京卷)―I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?

―Don’t worry. He_____________ come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.

A. must not B. need not

C. would not D. might not

【解析】本题中根据“he wasn’t certain”可知因为James不确定自己的时间安排,那么说话人也不能确定James是否会来。因此,应选择表示否定推测的D项。A项意为“禁止,不可以”、B项意为“不需要”、C项表示肯定不来,皆不符合语境。

2.(2010浙江卷)“You_____________ have a wrong number,” she said. “There’s no one of that name here.”

A. need B. can

C. must D. would

【解析】本题中根据说话人所给出的充足的理由“There’s no one of that name here.”可知说话人对推测的事情把握较大,所以选C项must(肯定,一定)。

3.(2011江西卷)It_____________ be the postman at the door. It’s only six o’clock.

A. mustn’t B. can’t

C. won’t D. needn’t

【解析】本题中根据说话人所给出的充足的理由“It’s only six o’clock!”可知说话人对推测的事情把握较大,can’t在否定推测中语气最强,应选择B项。

三、 从事情发生的时间

表示推测的情态动词后面所接动词形式,有四种情况:

1. 情态动词+do,表示对现在或将来情况的推测。

例如:I don’t know where she is; she may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。

2. “情态动词+be doing”,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。

例如:At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. 这时,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。

3. 情态动词+have done时,表示对过去情况的推测。

例如:The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4. 情态动词+have been doing,表示对过去某时刻正在发生事情的推测。

例如:Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。

解题时,可以根据被猜测动作发生的时间,确定情态动词时态正确的形式。

【考例探究】

1.(2010安徽卷)Jack described his father, who_____________ a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man.

A. would be B. would have been

C. must be D. must have been

【解析】由句中的many years ago可知是对过去的推测,故排除A、C;而B项表示可能性很小,故被排除。答案为D。

2.(2009江苏卷)He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he_____________ it differently.

A. could express

B. would express

C. could have expressed

D. must have expressed

【解析】由句中的what he did可以看出是对过去情况的推测,应该用“情态动词 + have done”的形式,故排除A、B两项;must have done sth.意为“过去本该做某事(而没做)”,故排除D项。could have done sth. 本可以做某事。答案为C。

3.(2009重庆卷)―Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?

―She_____________ in the classroom. I saw her there just now.

A. shall be B. should have been

C. must be D. might have been

【解析】由句中的where Jane is可知是对现在的推测,且题干中有“I saw her there just now”,所以选择C项。

综上所述,只要从上述三个方面(句式、语气及事情发生的时间)区分表示推测的情态动词,我们就可以轻松解题,避免失分。

练一练

一、 根据所给中文提示完成下列句子,每空一词。

1. 明天你到那里时,他可能会在等着你。

He____________________________________________________ you when you get there tomorrow.

2. 他们会把房门钥匙藏到哪儿去呢?

Where_____________ they__________________________ the key to the room?

3. 如果火车准点的话,他们应该到北京了。

If the train arrives on time, they_____________

_____________ in Beijing now.

4. 你英语那么棒,你肯定学英语很多年了。

Your English is really good; you_____________

_______________________________________ English for many years.

二、 单项填空。

1. ―Everyone in my class passed the exam.

―Oh, really?It_____________ difficult.

A. can’t have been

B. needn’t have been

C. must be

D. mightn’t be_____________

2.(2009安徽卷)Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy;they_____________ just be quiet people.

A. must B. may

C. should D. would

3. ―Why didn’t you answer the phone last night?

―I_____________ when you called.

A. had to have slept

B. had to be sleeping

C. must have been sleeping

D. must have slept

4. ―Why hasn’t Jack come back yet?

_____________ anything have happened to him?

―I’m not sure, but I guess something

_____________.

A. May; must have

B. Can; may have

C. Must; may

D. Dare; might have

5. “Hi, Mum! I’m on the bus, I _____________ be home in about ten minutes.”

A. would B. can

C. should D. may

Keys:

一、 1. may/might be waiting for;

2. could, have hidden; 3. should be;

4. must have been learning

二、 1-5 ABCBC

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