The analysis of the problems and countermeasures in the process of ecotourism d

摘要：生态旅游产生于西方发达国家，但几乎同期的在我国得到了推广。数十年间，我国在生态旅游方面作出了很多有益的探索并且取得了良好的成效，但从总体上讲，我国生态旅游的发展还是存在不少的问题。本文结合我国生态旅游发展的实际和国际上发展生态旅游的成功经验，总结分析了其在我国发展过程中的种种不足并给出了具体的对策和建议。

关键词：生态旅游；可持续发展；生态保护

Abstract：Ecotourism was put forward for the first time in the 1980s，it has become a common form of tourism up to now.Ecotourism produced in western developed countries，but got the promotion almost the same period in China.For decades，we have made a lot of beneficial exploration and achieved good results on Ecotourism，but generally speaking，there are still many problems on the development of ecotourism in China.This paper combines the actual of ecotourism development in China and international successful experience of ecotourism development，analyzes and summarizes the shortcomings in the process of ecotourism development in China，and then put forwards the specific countermeasures and suggestions.

Keywords：Ecotourism Sustainable development Ecological protection

1.Introduction

Ecotourism arose in the 80s of last century，and it has become a common form of tourism，according to the estimates of the World Tourism Organization，about 20% ecotourism account for the tourism total revenue.In regard to“ecotourism”，it is not have a unified concept in academia，but all grasp the core concept of ecotourism that“we must do our best to protect the natural tourist destination in tourism，no matter what natural scenery or character style”.

In essence，except for the economics and tourism property，ecotourism is more emphasis on the protection of natural environment and humanistic environment of tourism destination compared with the traditional tourism.And this protection is precisely for sustainable development that it can make the local economy rely on its own tourism resources.In order to achieve this goal，it needs the efforts of government，industry organization or company，local residents and tourist to form a perfect protection system which from the law，management and publicity level.And these are precisely what our ecotourism industry lack.

2.The present situation and problems of Ecotourism development in China

China is a country with a vast territory and diversified landscape，not only has virgin forest like the Shengnong Jia，the Greater Hinggan and the Lesser Hinggan，but also has other landscape like grassland in Inner Mongolia，snow-capped mountains in Tibet and desert in Xinjiang.The climate is varied，covered from temperate and subtropical to tropical climate.Specific to each province in China，it has its own unique tourism resources.We can say that China has a natural advantage in developing ecotourism，and it is also necessary to develop ecotourism in China from the perspective of environment protection.

The success of the tourism industry can promote the development of the local catering and hotel industry directly，and it also will bring a variety of potential business opportunities.But tourism is also a double-edged sword，improper development will damage to tourism resources and the local environment，especially the ecotourism.The destruction of tourism resources will cause the loss of tourist resources in turn，the result of this vicious cycle is the double depletion of tourism resources and parative analysis of the successful experience of abroad in developing ecotourism，we find that developing ecotourism reasonably，we must pay attention to three aspects：（1）we should pay attention to ecotourism legislation and tourism areas planning；（2）we should pay attention to products and concept of ecotourism promotion，and popularization the related knowledge of ecotourism for tourists；（3）we should make a scientific management to tourists.

（1）Ecotourism planning and legislation in China

Ecotourism develops earlier in China，almost simultaneous with western developed countries，but ecological tourism in China is more of a stay in the level of propaganda and seminars.As early as in 1995，China held the first seminar about“Chinese Ecotourism”in Xishuangbanna，Yunnan province，but the“Tourism Law”was not launched and implemented until October 1，2013 in pared with other countries，China seriously lag and lack in legislation and planning of ecotourism

About ecotourism planning，the experience of United States is worthy of using for reference.United States makes full use of the principle of ecology when they planning and design ecotourism scenic area，they take the local humanities，history，geography，environment and many other factors into consideration，in principle，they use local materials as possible，highly emphasis the harmonious coexistence of man and nature，architecture，animals and plants.From the fact in China，in spite of government of all provinces and cities made macroscopic planning in ecotourism，but the actual implementation effect is not ideal.This is mainly due to the quick wins and instant gratification，the rough way of development and the lack of protection measures in developing tourist areas in China.In the tourist area，there are no lack of a large number of hotels，restaurants，villa or resort，numerous man-made structures not only destroyed the original features of tourist areas，not only they are not coordinated with the natural landscape，but also the discharge of waste gas，wastewater and solid waste polluted the tourist areas.

（2）Promotion of ecotourism products and concepts

With the development of economy，tourism develops rapidly in China，local governments and travel agencies all see the business opportunities，they propagate and promote the local tourism resources vigorously by means of a variety of media，and“ecotourism”is often cited as the local tourism spotlight for propaganda.But these propagandas are usually only a gimmick，not only it is difficult for us to distinguish“ecotourism areas”between true and false，but also the real“ecotourism areas”promotion are only in order to attract more tourists，they more highlight the ornamental and entertainment of the products，lack of popularization and promotion ecotourism knowledge to tourists，they also do not regulate some behaviors of the tourists in detail in the process of ecotourism.Not only this makes ecotourism become“embroidered pillow”，but also leads to some tourists who lack of knowledge of ecotourism damage the ecological environment unconsciously during their tour.

（3）Scientific management and timely information supporting

To some extent，ecological scenic area is also a kind of non-renewable resources，so when they meet the demand of tourists and promote the economy，more attentions should be paid to the protection of ecological environment.And in addition to the improper planning，the destruction of ecological environment more is the destruction of visitors，so they should implement scientific management to tourism areas，and they should monitoring the trends of visitors timely，and this requires the joint efforts of local government and relevant departments.Unscientific management or not timely information usually will lead to some disastrous consequences，we must pay great attention to this.

In terms of eco-tourism management in China，we do not lack technological means，but the management style is backward，the local governments，tourism industry associations and companies are lack of co-ordination.Because of the arrangement of our legal holiday，our citizens have two longest holidays――National Day and Spring Festival holiday one year，so the travel time is also highly concentrated during these two festivals，the consequence is all tourism areas are overcrowded，it is greatly beyond the reception capacity of tourist attractions，which not only brought troubles for travel agencies and tourists，but also damaged the ecological environment of tourism areas significantly.In fact，the maximum carrying capacity of“ecological tourist areas”in China are all measured and regulated，our tourism law made specific provision and operation steps in order to avoid to over the maximum carrying capacity，but the above situation is still very common.

We can see that the ecotourism in China is lack in laws，regulations and technical means，the key weakness is lack of scientific management methods and strict enforcements.

3.Countermeasures and Suggestions to the healthy development of ecotourism in China

（1）Need correct understanding and specification to ecotourism

China has natural advantages in developing ecotourism，different regions also made some plans to develop ecotourism and exploit tourist areas，and they cooperated with the travel agencies made a positive promotion for eco-tourism

But they consider this mostly from the perspective of economic interests，their understanding of the core value of the ecotourism is incomplete or ignore deliberately.For ecological scenic area，the first thing is the government and related travel agencies should evaluate the tourism area，to estimate whether it is an ecological tourism area，Secondly，make a planning for ecological tourism area，finally，regulate the behaviors of tourists who participate in ecotourism.After the evaluation and recognition to ecological tourism areas，they can make corresponding arrangement with subsequent planning，protection，promotion，and management，and spend limited financial and material resources on the real ecological tourism areas，at the same time，it also can prevent some of the ecotourism areas from misusing eco-tourism in the name of false propaganda Through regular evaluation，it can be used to detect the influence degree of the ecological tourism areas by the visitors to determine whether the ecological scenic area is in need of repair rectification.In addition to evaluate，identify and planning the ecological scenic area，it also need to regulate some behaviors of the tourists in detail in the process of ecotourism.

（2）Need governments，industry associations and travel companies to strengthen cooperation

Ecotourism is a kind of special commodity，neither provided by the government completely nor provided by the market，both government and market are indispensable.As the government，the role in the process of developing ecotourism is mainly embodied in the ecotourism planning and regulation，and the governments eco-tourism planning must have industry associations and tourism companies to participate in，on one hand，government needs to use their professional knowledge，on the other hand，government also should take their demands into account.Industry associations can help government to fulfill part of regulatory functions to ecological scenic spots and tourism companies，it is also a platform of sharing information and contacting among travel companies.Therefore，in order to ensure the healthy and orderly development of ecological tourism，and reduce the management cost and improve the administrative efficiency of the government，the government，industry association and the travel company must have a clear division of responsibilities，co-operate as possible.

（3）Need to develop and absorb the ecotourism professional talents

Ecotourism involves the evaluation，planning，monitoring，maintenance and repairing and other aspects，so it destined to be different from general tourism scenic area in management mode and means，it also determined the management of the ecotourism scenic spot is more professional.The establishment of evaluation，planning and management system of ecotourism needs the government or the scenic spots cooperate with some academic institutions or non-governmental organizations to some extent.But to solve the problems fundamentally what ecotourism faced still have to rely on their own talent in the end.On one hand，the staff of internal system work in the ecotourism long-term，they have more clear and comprehensive understanding to ecotourism；On the other hand，the monitoring and management of ecotourism is a long-term work，the work can also only by its own personnel to bear.Therefore，to ensure the healthy development of ecotourism in Sichuan province，train and absorb the specialized personnel in ecotourism is particularly important.

（4）Make full use of the timely information support provided by e-commerce platform

The characteristics of tourism in China are a large visitors and concentrated travel time，so it is easy to cause scenic spots“overload”.In order to avoid this case，the management agencies of ecological scenic area can work together with the travel agencies and various types of e-commerce platforms take the booking ticket and some other methods to limit the number of tourists，so as to avoid that beyond its maximum bearing capacity.And the same time，they can give a reasonable guide for an excess of visitors to the each scenic spots by providing the timely tourist information by e-commerce platforms.Besides，the e-commerce platform can also popularize the ecotourism knowledge and promote the ecotourism for the tourists，this not only advertise the ecotourism products，not only make a silent transforming influence on the tourists behavior in the process of ecotourism，but also it is a kind of protection for ecological scenic spot.