哈尼民族经典古歌《烟本霍本》传播之研究

摘 要： 中国是民族文化大国，民族文化十分丰富。宗教是永远存在的民族意识，哈尼族宗教文化有着其独特的一面。随着对外开放旅游的发展，哈尼族文化亟待向外翻译宣传，以促进云南西南地区的旅游经济的发展和提高哈尼文化的知名度。本文着重对红河州哈尼族经典古歌《烟本霍本》传播进行研究，对其英译，并进行评述，供大家讨论，以加快促进民族文化的发展。

关键词： 哈尼族 经典古歌 《烟本霍本》 英译 评述

一、引言

中国云南红河州是全国唯一的哈尼族彝族自治州，哈尼族民族文化极其丰富。哈尼族的节日有其丰富的内涵和独特之处，是我国博大精深多元文化体中的一个组成部分。

哈尼族的古歌内容十分丰富，文化内涵深刻，反映了哈尼族千百年来民族群体世世代代积累起来的知识、经验、信念、价值、活动、观点、理解、等级、宗教、节令、责任、关系、自然观、艺术等。但是目前关于哈尼文化的翻译研究实在太少太少。随着哈尼梯田有望成为民族世界遗产的可能，哈尼文化急需向外宣传。

哈尼族系是一个来自中国西北的古老民族。根据王清华研究员和著名哈尼学者徐国学的研究，《哈尼阿培冲坡坡》史诗记叙了哈尼族从中国北方南迁的完整路线（王清华，2002：385）。《哈尼阿培冲坡坡》史诗中阿培―冲―坡是哈尼语，分别是“祖先―人―迁”的意思。“坡”的叠用是指迁徙、迁走、搬迁（徐国学、车金明，2000：149）。

二、《烟本霍本》第二节的讨论评述

哈尼《神之歌》包括《烟本霍本》（神的诞生）、《俄色密色》（造天造地）、《查牛色》（杀查牛补天地）、《毕蝶、凯蝶、则蝶》（人、庄稼、牲畜的来源）、《湘窝本》（开田种谷）、《普祖代祖》（安寨定居）计六个可以独立成篇的文本。《神之歌》由哈尼族族人学者张红榛老师编撰，是有一定故事性和便于记忆的古歌，是哈尼族的祭司和歌手在特定的宗教仪式和民间生活仪式上咏唱的文体。无论是在节日到来时还是在婚嫁和民族聚会时，《神之歌》的许多内容都会得到极致的表现，哈尼祭司和歌手们乐此不疲，而哈尼民众则百听不厌。古歌以唱歌听歌的形式展现古歌的内涵。宗教是永远存在的民族意识。《神之歌》在重大节日如“昂玛突”和“L扎扎”等节日里最能体现哈尼族《神之歌》的内容。哈尼族的原始宗教思想基础是万物有灵，他们的信仰核心是神、魂、鬼。哈尼族神话与原始宗教互相杂糅、渗透，难解难分（黄俊勇，2007：117）。

《烟本霍本》系哈尼《神之歌》的一章，其意义在于说明哈尼宗教神的诞生，神之间的关系及神人之间的关系。从《烟本霍本》第二节中可以看出哈尼族神的命名、神的关系、神的分工及神和人关系的来龙去脉。

三、《烟本霍本》第二节的对照译释

天是生在属鼠的日子里，

Heaven was born in the day of the rat，

地是生在属牛的日子。

Earth was born in the day of the ox.

在天的最高一层，

In the highest layer of heaven，

在座雄伟的宫殿，

There was a grand palace，

它的名字叫烟罗。

The name was Yanluo.

烟罗神殿的正中，

In the middle of Luoyan temple，

坐着威严的天神俄玛，

Seated Ema the majestic god，

世间所有的万物，

All the living things in the world，

也是她来生养。

Were also raised by her，

俄玛生出了姻姒，

Ema gave birth to Yanshi，

同生的还有她的姐妹――

And her sister，

高能的玛奔姑娘，

The talented girl Maben，

流传至今的十二种古规古礼，

The 12 kinds of popular ancient rituals and rules，

就是她俩传在神殿的门槛上。

They both put on the threshold of the Temple.

俄玛生下了多多的大神，

Ema also gave birth to a lot of great divinities

她生下了人神玛窝，

She gave birth to the human god Mawo，

她生下光神和雷神，

She gave birth to the light god and the thunder god，

又生下风神和雨神，

And then the wind god and the rain god，

云神生下来了，

Followed by the cloud god，

天河神生下来了，

The heaven river god，

神像星星站满天上。

All gods look like stars full of sky.

俄玛生下的千千万万个的神，

Ema gave birth to hundreds of thousands of earth divinities，

像密密的老林把大地站满了。

As dense forestry full of the ground.

最大最高的天神俄玛，

The biggest and highest heaven god Ema，

生下一位最高能的姑娘，

Gave birth to an almighty girl，

这就是天母梅烟，

The heaven mother Meiyan，

她指挥着万神万物。

Who commanded all gods and all things in heaven.

梅烟生出大神烟沙，

Meiyan give birth to the great god Yansha，

烟沙又生下大神沙拉①。

Who gave birth to great god Shala①.

①一说沙拉是梅烟的丈夫。

① Another show says Shala is the husband of Mieyan.

烟沙又生下九位大神，

Yansha gave birth to nine great divinities，

造天造地的时候，

When heaven and earth were created，

全靠他们出力奔忙。

They did their bustled efforts.

大神烟沙还生下五个儿子，

The great god Yansha also gave birth to five sons，

阿匹梅烟实在喜欢这窝孙子，

Api Meiyan really loved all her grandsons，

站在神殿中央把他们封赏：

Standing in the temple she declared awards to them all：

“大孙子啊，给你掌管金子的命！”

“Ah My first grandson，

I let you be in charge of the gold life！”

“二孙子啊，给你掌管银子的命！”

“Ah my second grandson，

I let you be in charge of silver life!”

阿匹梅烟又封过另外三个孙子，

Ai Meiyan honored the other three grandchildren，

他们是头戴黑盔的铁神，

They were the iron divinity wearing a black helmet，

头顶黄盔的铜神，

The copper divinity wearing a yellow helmet，

和头顶白盔的锡神。

And the tin divinity wearing a white helmet.

没有阿匹梅烟封过五位大神，

Without Api Meiyan’s honors to the five great divinities，

世上不会有鲜花一样的金银铜铁锡，

There would be no the beautiful gold， silver copper， iron and tin，

天地也不会造得像金银一样发光闪亮。

Heaven and earth would not be made shining like gold and silver.

梅烟封过的大神不止上头几个，

The great divinities honored by Meiyan were more，

她又封出十二位尊神：

She again honored twelve respectful divinities：

最大的乌麾阿玛，

The oldest was Wuhui Ama，

是那管天的咀摩。

That was Jumo who controlled heaven.

第二个是管地的乌摩。

The second was Wumo who controlled the earth.

乌摩三姐管理庄稼。

The third sister Wumo controlled the crops.

第四个乌摩专管人。

The fourth Wuhui managed human being.

第五个乌麾叫做摩咪扎里，

The fifth Wuhui was Momizhali，

管着世上的万匹牲口。

Who controlled thousands of livestock on the earth.

第六个乌麾叫做搓鲁约策，

The sixth Wuhui was called Cuoluyuece，

她的任务是管理太阳。

Who controlled the sun.

第七个就是男神俄多麦节，

The seventh was the male divinity Eduomaiji，

他管着银子样的月亮。

Who controlled the silver-like moon.

第八个乌麾是短耳朵的那斗啊娄，

The eighth Wuhui was the short-ear Nadou’alou，

他把甑子的事情执掌。

Who controlled the steaming pot.

第九个是管灶火的蝶里艾斯①。

The ninth was Dili’aisi①

Who controlled the stove fire.

①乌麾蝶里艾斯：文化英雄，其故事是这样的：在作罗搓罗（岩洞名）有一个吃人的魔鬼，乌木（皇帝、最大的头人之意）派大力士查艾去杀它，连续三次都被魔鬼吓回来，后来聪明的蝶里艾斯在许多动物植物帮助下杀死了恶魔，但被查艾冒功请赏，查艾当上乌木，无恶不作，蝶里艾斯又用计谋杀死了查艾，取代他当了乌木，在与查艾作战中，为后人留下了许多丧葬习俗。

Dili’aisi，the Wuhui is a cultural hero， whose story is like this――in the Zuoluocuoluo， （a cave name） there was man-eating demon. Wumu （the emperor， the greatest chief） sent Zha’ai to kill the devil. For three times， he was scared back. Later， the smart Dili’aisi killed the demon with helps from other animals and plants. However Zha’ai took the favor for the rewards， and became Wumu， and unscrupulously did all sorts of evils. Dili’aisi killed Zha’ai with tricks， and replaced him as the Wumu. From the fight many funeral customs were left for posterity.

第十个是管山管树的松玛阿策。

The tenth was Songma’ace who controlled the mountains and the tress.

第十一个是爱眨眼睛的麦期麦所，

The eleventh was Maiqimaisuo liked winkling eyes，

专管河水不冲人马牲口。

Who was responsible for the rivers not to wash people and animals.

第十二个是好看的厄戚戚奴，

The twelfth was the nice Eqiqinu，

管着万道清清的山泉，

Who controlled thousand of clean springs，

还有又甜又凉的龙潭。

And those sweet and cool ponds.

阿匹梅烟封出十二个乌麾，

Api Meiyan honored twelve Wuhui，

叫他们把万事万物来管。

Let them control everything.

封过十二个乌麾，

After the twelve Wuhui，

梅烟又另封一个乌麾，

Meiyan honored the other one，

他就是战神扎略阿则。

The war god Zhalue’ace.

大神梅烟安排好一切，

After the almighty god Meiyan arranged everything，

又来把众神的寿命想。

She again thought the lifespan of all gods.

天神梅烟传下了鲜花样的好话：

Meiyan issued flower-like words：

大神烟沙叫阿妈梅烟生下了九个姑娘①，

The great god Yansha asked Meiyan to give birth to nine girls ①，

①一说九个不死的姑娘是大神沙拉和梅烟所生。她们是那永生不死的姑娘，

① A parlance shows that the nine immortal girls were born by grand god Yansha and Meiyan. They are immortal，

大神烟沙叫九个妹子来嫁②，

God Yansha asked the nine sisters to marry②，

②一说九个姑娘是沙拉的妹子。

②A parlance shows the nine girls are the sister of Shala.

从此说下了姑娘嫁人的话。

Since then the girls are said to be married

天神梅烟的姑娘不嫁，

If Meiyan’s daughters had mot married，

世上一样也不会有，

There would have been nothing in the world.

大神烟沙的九个妹子不嫁，

If the nine sisters of great god Yansha had mot married，

世上万物要死光。

All creatures in the world would have died off.

九个大神把不死的九姊妹讨回了寨房！

Nine great gods married the nine immortal girls and took them to villages!

大姐烟姒出嫁了，

The old sister Yansi married，

出嫁的姑娘得了个好名，

The married girl got a good reputation，

叫做“天神不死的姑娘”。

Called “the immortal girl of heaven god.”

二回出嫁的是玛白姑娘，

The second married was Mabai girl，

玛白也得了一个好名：

She also got a good reputation：

“地神不死的姑娘”。

“The immortal girl of earth god”

第三出嫁的是约白姑娘，

The third married was the girl Yuebai，

她嫁给亮堂堂的太阳③，

She married to the bright sun③，

③照说太阳是女性，不应娶新娘；今从原诗。

③It was said the sun is a female and should not be married to a bride； From the original poem，

叫她做“太阳不死的姑娘”。

She was called “the immortal girl of the sun.”

第四出嫁的姑娘是约回，

The fourth married girl was Yuehui，

她的美名叫“月亮不死的姑娘”。

Her beautiful name was “the immortal girl of the moon.”

第五个是美丽的戚姒然密，

The fifth married was the beautiful Qisiranmi，

“水源不断的姑娘”是她的名号。

“The endless water source girl” was her reputation.

第六个是嫁给路神的嘎姒，

The sixth was Gasi married to road divinity，

她是“大路不断的姑娘”。

She was the “the endless road girl.”

第七位出嫁的是嵯白然密，

The seventh married was Cuobairanmi，

叫她做“石神不死的姑娘”。

She was called “the immortal girl of stone divinity.”

聪明的诺姒第八个出嫁，

The smart Nuosi was the eighth married，

她是“庄稼神不死的姑娘”。

She was “the immortal girl of crop divinity.”

第九位姑娘嫁给龙神欧罗，

The ninth married to the dragon god Ouluo，

“不死的龙神姑娘”米鲁，

Was “the immortal girl of dragon divinity” Milu，

名声在大江大海传扬。

Her reputation was heard on big rivers and sees.

烟沙大神说：

The great god Yansha said，

众神啊，

All divinities，

你们听好我的话，

You listen to me carefully，

大神小神像一棵树，

All you big or small divinities are just like a tree，

深深的树根就是‘搓’，

The deep roots are the ‘Cuo’

标直的树干就是‘直’，

The straight trunk is ‘Zhi’

分岔的树枝是咪谷和寨主，

The branches are Migu and the village headman，

众神就是树叶和树花；

All divinities are the tree leaves and flowers；

树根是树干的阿妈，

The tree roots is the mother of the branches，

所以‘搓’比‘直’大，

So， ‘Cuo’ is older than ‘Zhi’，

树枝靠树干撑腰，

Branches are backed by tree trunk，

所以咪谷寨主比‘直’小，

So Migu village master is younger than ‘Zhi’，

树花树叶样的众神，

All divinities of tree flowers and leaves，

都要听咪谷寨主招呼。”

Must listen to the village master.”

四、结语

总而言之，云南省红河州是哈尼族的主要聚居地，哈尼族宗教文化有着其独特的一面，文化内容丰富。随着对外开放旅游的发展，哈尼族宗教文化亟待向外翻译宣传，以彰显中华民族大家庭丰富的文化性、民族性和宗教性，从哲学、文化学、心理学、美学、认知科学等领域认识哈尼族古歌文化。

参考文献：

［1］黄俊勇.哈尼族神话与原始宗教的关系初探［C］.第五届国际哈尼/阿卡文化学术研讨会论文集［C］.云南民族出版社，2007：117.

［2］王清华.哈尼族的迁徙与社会发展［C］.哈尼族文化论丛.云南民族出版社，2002：385.

［3］徐国学，车金明.从悲剧的角度看哈尼阿培冲坡坡［C］.中国哈尼学［C］.云南民族出版，2000：149.

［4］张红榛.哈尼族古歌――神之歌［M］.云南出版集团有限责任公司.云南美术出版社有限责任公司，2010.10，（1）.

基金项目：云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目（2010Y162）。