JEFC词汇教学法初探

初中学生学习英语,在初一的时侯,往往兴趣很浓, 成绩也不错, 可是随着词汇量增加及语法项目的增多。渐渐地失去了对英语的兴趣。一个很重要的原因就是过不了词汇关。本文根据笔者多年的教学经验, 就怎样教词汇, 谈些看法。

词汇教学应采用"全方位教学法"(注:这是笔者自己给这一方法取的名), 即在教学一个词时, 应尽可能多地将该词与学生已有的旧知识建立起各种联系。这种方法特别适用于有了一定的词汇量之后的词汇教学及词汇总复习。

词汇教学, 首先, 应从词的拼写即词形着手, 看看该词是有哪些字母或字母组合组成的, 是否跟以前学过的单词有相似之处? 有何特点可帮助记忆, 同时, 应跟音标建立起对应关系, 注意哪些字母及字母组合不发音,如: hour中h不发音, climb中的b不发音等; 有哪些字母及字母组合发音符合读音规则, 哪些比较特殊, 还应注意是否有同音词,在初中英语中同音词有三十多对(见附录1), 当然, 还应区分音似词(见附录2)及形似词(见附录3)。

第二, 应注意一词多义现象, 一个单词用在不同的场合有不同的含义,如:by一词可作"在......旁"、"乘(车、船等)"、"不迟于"、"被,由"等解释。

第三, 应了解词性, 尤其是兼类词, 如: neither一词可作连词、代词、形容词和副词, 因为从词性可以掌握词在句中的功能, 这一点跟汉语有许多相似之处, 如: 动词作谓语, 副词作状语等。

第四, 应跟反义词(见附录4)、同(近)义词(见附录5)联系起来, 应讲清近义词之间的细微差别, 尽可能地用英语解释英语, 其中旧版第五、六册练习中有一百多个, 可借鉴, 平时,老师也应多帮助学生积累英语释义。也可通过查双解词典得到英语释义。

第五, 教词汇时, 应让学生掌握一些与该词有关的常见搭配, 还应教一些重点句型及语言适用的情景。让学生记住。如：had better (not)＋动词原形；There be +主语；Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to...?等。

第六, 教词汇, 还应让学生掌握各类词的词形变化, 关于这一点, 我想分成几点来讲。

1. 教名词时, 首先应注意该词是可数名词还是不可数名词, 特别是一些容易混淆的词，如：bread, paper（纸）等，由于受汉语影响，学生们往往误认为可数名词。若是可数名词则应注意复数形式。若遇到不规则的, 应让学生死记硬背。如下面的内容应让学生记住：

考试频度较高的名词复数形式小结

1. child children 2. man men 3. woman women

4. policeman policemen 5. Englishman Englishmen

6. Frenchman Frenchmen 7. foot feet 8.tooth teeth

9. sheep sheep 10. Japanese Japanese 11. Chinese Chinese

12. knife knives 13. wife wives 14. life lives

15. shelf shelves 16. half halves 17. leaf leaves

18. tomato tomatoes 19. potato potatoes 20. zoo zoos

21. radio radios 22. kilo kilos

2. 教动词,应注意第三人称单数形式, 现在分词, 过去式及过去分词。若遇到不规则动词, 应让学生看看它的变化是否跟其它不规则动词变化有共同之处。如：可以归纳为AAA形、ABB形等。

3. 教形容词, 副词要注意比较级及最高级形式。如遇到不规则的, 应让学生死记硬背。归纳如下：

不规则形容词和副词的比较等级

原级 比较级 最高级

1. good(well) better best

2. bad(badly, ill) worse worst

3. many(much) more most

4. little less least

5. far farther(further) farthest(furthest)

6. old older(elder) oldest(eldest)

4. 教数词, 应注意基数词与序数词的转换。特别应注意 first, second, third, fifth, twelfth, ninth, fortieth等词。

5. 教代词时, 不管遇到下面的哪一种形式, 即, 人称代词的主格、宾格; 形容词性的物主代词、名词性的物主代词; 反身代词, 就应让学生讲出其它各种形式。如下表:

人称代词, 物主代词, 反身代词一览表

I

me

my

mine

myself

you

you

your

yours

yourself

he

him

his

his

himself

she

her

her

hers

herself

it

it

its

its

itself

we

us

our

ours

ourselves

you

you

your

yours

yourselves

they

them

their

theirs

themselves

并告诉学生, 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然汉语意义一样, 但英语中使用时应注意, 在形容词性物主代词后必须加名词才能使用, 而名词性物主代词则单独可以使用。

6. 教国家的名称时，可同时教民族、语言名称。如：

country people language

1. China Chinese Chinese

2. Japan Japanese Japanese

3. America American English

4. Australia Australian English

5. France French French

6. England Englishman English

7. Germany German German

8. Russian Russian

9. Canada Ca

nadian

7. 另外, 还应让学生们注意, 该词是否可通过加前缀或后缀的方法变成另一个单词, 如: luck加y变成形容词lucky, 而lucky把y变成i再加ly就变为副词luckily, 又如: happy前面加un变为否定意义。（详见附录6）或者是否能与其它的词合成新词。如：class与 room合成为classroom等。

总之, 我们在教词汇时, 应千方百计地启发学生充分发挥各种联想, 以便在学生脑中建立起多种联系, 达到促进记忆的目的。从本人十多年的运用情况来看, 效果是比较好的。文中难免有不周之处，敬请同行指正。

附录1

义教版同音词小结

one--won way--weigh I--eye

son--sun meat--meet right--write

for--four sea--see road--rode

father--farther hole--whole no--know

here--hear wear--where new--knew

our--hour there--their weather--whether

past--passed ours--hours ah--are

aren't--aunt ate--eight who's--whose

blue--blew by-bye--buy hi--high

pear-pair knows--nose read--red

sew--so to--too--two threw--through

wood--would blue-blew weak--week

its--it's

附录2

义教版读音易混淆的词小结

1. meat, metre 2. head, hand 3. hard, heart

4. nose, noise, nurse 5. slow, snow 6. show,sure,shall

7. wood, word, world 8. much, March, match 9. work, walk

10. thin, thing 11. think, thank 12. big, pig

13. bed, bad 14. horse, house 15. light, right, night

16. mouth, month 17. great, grade 18. hear, hair

19. full, fall 20. for, fall 21. sing, thing

22. quiet, quite 23. no, now 24. leaf, leave

25. wash, wish 26. then, than 27. what, water

28. crowd, cloud 29. low, row 30. back, bag

31. beat, better 32. bike, back 33. box, books

34. class, glass 35. clothes, closes 36. dead, dad

37. grass, glass 38. lesson, listen 39. parent, present

40. same, some 41. long, wrong 42. since, sings, things

43. forty, fourteen 44. cheap, jeep 45. blown, brown

46. lend, land 47. police, please 48. count, can't

49. living, leaving 50. side, said 51. kite, Kate

52. join, John 53. Mary, merry 54. along, alone

55. ice, eyes 56. wait, white, wet 57. cap, cup

58. black, break 59. shoe, sure 60. will, well

61. ran, rang 62. ship, sheep 63. sang, sung, song

64. slow, throw 65. run, rung 66. lock, rock, luck

67. goal, girl 68. live, leave

附录3

义教版拼写易混词小结

1. whether weather 2. present parent

3. form from 4. month mouth

5. quite quiet 6. ago age

7. watch match 8. father farther

9. shirt skirt 10. strange strong

11. then than 12. tired tried

13. brought bought 14. week weak

15. same some 16. felt fell

17. house horse 18. plant plane

19. clean clear 20. even ever

21. hat hate 22. sand send

附录4

义教版反义词(对应词)小结

1. big---small 2. black---white

3. buy---sell 4. cheap---dear(expensive)

5. close---open 6. closed---open

7. come---go 8. different---same

9. leave---stay 10. early---late

11. easy---hard 12. empty---full

13. give---take 14. heavy---light

15. little---much 16. new---old

17. put on---take off 18. right---wrong

19. sit---stand 20. down---up

21. sit down---stand up 22. here---there

23. this---that 24. these---those

25. from---to 26. few--many

27. after--before 28. always--never

29. at first--at last 30. answer--ask(qestion)

31. back--front 32. bad--good

33. atnight--inthe daytime 34. different--same

35. be out--be in 36. above--below

37. best--worst 38. better--worse

39. bring--take 40. busy--free

41. cold--hot 42. cool--warm

43. cry--laugh 44. dangerous--safe

45. dry--wet 46. far--near

47. fat--thin 48. finish--begin(start)

49. full--hungry(empty) 50. happy--sad

51. ill--well 52. inside--outside

53. into--out of 54. last--first

55. learn--teach 56. less--more

57. left--right 58. long--short

59. no--yes 60. part--all(whole)

61. poor--rich 62. pull--push

63. put on--take off 64. quick--slow

65. short--tall 66. thin--thick

67. tonight--today 68. like--unlike

69. yesterday--tomorrow 70. work--rest

71. move--stay 72. behind--in front of

73. lose--win 74. wake up--go to sleep

75. weak--strong 76. dark--light

附录5

义教版同(近)义词小结

1. almost---nearly 2. aloud---loud

3. true-real 4. anybody----anyone

5. whether-if 6. trouble---worry

7. sure---certain 8. bright---clever

9. space-room 10. difficult---hard

11. enjoy---like 12. maybe---perhaps

13. nobody---none 14. except---but

15. start---begin 16. helpful---useful

17. job---work 18. several---a few

19. shout---cry 20. quick---fast

21. small---little 22. too---also

23. large---big 24. problem---question

25. game---match 26. certainly---of course

27. glad---happy 28. by air---by plane

29. learn---study 30. have to---must

31. high---tall 32. lose---miss

33. ill---sick 34. at once---right now

35. quite---very 36. every---each

37. be good at---do well in 38. at last---in the end

39. have a cold---catch a cold

40. enjoy oneself---have a good time

41. look after---take care of

42. be careful---take care,look out

43. reach---get to,arrive at(in)

附录6

派生词

一、n.---->adj.

1. sun sunny 2. rain rainy

3. cloud cloudy 4. wind windy

5. noise noisy 6. luck lucky

7. health healthy 8. care careful

9. use useful 10. help helpful

11. thank thankful 12. wonder wonderful

13. friend friendly 14. difference different

15. fool foolish 16. sleep asleep

17. danger dangerous 18. south southern

19. north northern 20. wool woolen

21. death dead

二、v.---->adj.

1. interest interesting 2. please pleased(pleasant)

3. worry worried 4. save safe

5. forget forgetful 6. enjoy enjoyable

7. fill full 8. die dead

三、v.---->n.

1. drive driver 2. farm farmer

3. win winner 4. run runner

5. play player 6. sing singer

7. wait waiter 8. work worker

9. teach teacher 10. read reader

11. write writer 12. foreign foreigner

13. village villager 14.speak speaker

15. keep keeper 16. think thinker

17. clean cleaner 18. visit visitor

19. invent inventor 20. travel traveller

21. jump jumper 22. invent invention

23. operate operation 24. live life

25. die death

四、adj.--->adv.

1. angry angrily 2. bad badly

3. beautiful beautifully 4. careful carefully

5. certain certainly 6. easy easily

7. final finally 8.happy happily

9. loud loudly 10. polite politely

11. quick quickly 12. quiet quietly

13. real really 14. slow slowly

15. sudden suddenly 16. true truly

17. usual usually 18. lucky luckily

19. heavy heavily 20. healthy healthily

21. noisy noisily 22. wide widely

23. terrible terribly 24. strong strongly

25. bright brightly 26. clear clearly

27. kind kindly 28. safe safely

29. near nearly 30. possible possibly

31. full fully

五、肯定---否定

1. happy unhappy 2. true untrue

3. usual unusual 4. like unlike

(浙江省奉化市溪口中学 吴鹏东)