激发学生参与 缓解厌学情绪

时间:2022-04-13 12:30:15

激发学生参与 缓解厌学情绪

【摘要】中职学生普遍存在英语底子差,英语学习习惯不良且厌学。为激发学生参与学习,缓解厌学情绪,并倡导学生主动探究、自主学习、合作讨论和体验英语学习的过程。笔者对中职英语课堂Lead-in优化设计的原则和方法进行了探讨。[关键词] Lead-in;参与;优化设计

在中职英语教学过程中,Lead-in是教学步骤中至关重要的开始环节。“良好的开端是成功的一半”。只要精心设计好这个“开端”,使学生从新课开始就产生强烈的求知欲望,从而激发学生的学习兴趣。因此,教师在教学中要善于了解、把握学生的感受和体验,并将其运用到教学中,从学生学习生活和社会实践中挖掘教学情景,使教学活动设计更具有针对性和实效性,让学生有话想说、有话可说和有话能说。

一.优化Lead-in设计的原则

优化中职英语课堂Lead-in 的设计,首先要具有兴趣性。教师让Lead-in尽可能以生动活泼、兴趣盎然的形式出现。只要学生对英语课堂的Lead-in产生浓厚兴趣,他们才会积极地参与。其次,要有适时性。如果导入时间过长,教学的重点就会受到影响;如果导入时间过短,又怕学生缺少充分思考的时间,进入不了学习的最佳状态。再次,要有真实性。Lead-in的设计要贴近学生的生活实际,要有层次和剃度,要让学生时时能体验到成功。最后,要有艺术性。要充分考虑到学生现有的知识水平,既不能过于简单、激发不起学生的学习兴趣,又不能过于复杂、让学生难以理解。

二.优化Lead-in设计的方法

(一)复习导入,引旧联新

学生在学习新知识时,是以学过知识为基础的。中职英语教材为教师提供了如何使用教材的空间,要求教师努力挖掘新旧知识的相互联系。介绍新知识时,必须从已知到未知。即从学生已知的词汇、语法和已经具备的语言技能与交际能力出发,引出新的语言点和语法点。以第二册Unit2 Weather Section A中的Look and say为例,主要是讲What is the weather like today?。

T:Look at the picture.(出示一幅图)What’s this?

Ss:It’s the sun.

T:What’s the weather like?

Ss:It’s sunny.

T:(板书sun---sunny)(出示另一幅图)What’s this?(自答)It’s a cloud. What’s the weather like?(自答)It’s cloudy.(板书cloud---cloudy)

T:(出示第三幅图,放慢语速)What’s this? What’s the weather like?(停顿,有学生插话It’s windy.)Good. It’s windy.

T:(板书sun---sunny,cloud---cloudy,wind---windy)Can you make a rule out of these words?

S1:都是形容词。

S2:哦,原来是名词后加上一个y,就成了形容词了。

T:You look very carefully. Well done! ---y 是形容词后缀,in English,the suffix of adjective. There are other such words like rainy,snowy,foggy,showery,misty,and so on.(板书以上五词)Could you guess the Chinese meanings of the words?

S1:rainy 是有雨的,下雨的。

T:How do you know that?

S1:前面有个名词rain,加上后缀---y 就成了形容词。

T:So you’ve got the rule.

S2:那Snowy 就是下雪或者有雪的。

S3:foggy 是有雾的,是吗?

S4:foggy不一样,还要加写g 才加y。

S5:sunny 也一样。

T:这两个词“fog和sun” 有什么相同点?是什么音节?

Ss:都是重读闭音节。

T:That’s right. 重读闭音节要双写最后的辅音字母,再加y,才是形容词。

T:Let’s go on to guess their Chinese meanings. Shower 是小雨。(学生答 showery 是有小雨的)mist 是雾。(学生答misty 是有雾的)

在复习旧知识同时,教师组织学生利用已有词汇进行观察思考,为新的语言教学内容——单词的构成找到了结合点,让学生自己总结出单词构词规律,激发了学生学习热情,活跃了课堂气氛,同时也发挥了教师组织者的作用。

(二)游戏活动导入,激发学生参与

游戏是学生最感兴趣的活动,这种导入法可以激发学生参与。游戏的方式有猜谜语、吃苹果、唱英语歌、听录音、画画等。以第一册Unit5 Food Section A为例,教师课前准备好一些食物和一个盒子,把食物放到盒子里让学生猜。

T:Look here. What’s this?

Ss:It’s a box.

T:What’s in the box? Could you guess?

T:Yes. There are some foods. What are they? Would you guess?(学生猜到了就把食品作为奖励)

T:Could you guess what I like best here? What don’t I like best?

这种导入方式不仅使学生处于积极、主动状态,而且使他们玩中有学,乐中有得。教师在用游戏导入过程中可以利用学习动机的迁移,因势利导地把学生对游戏的兴趣转移到学习上来。教师要让学生明白:要玩游戏活动必须要学好将要学的知识。从而激发学生学习新知识的强烈参与欲望。

(三)热点话题导入,调动学习兴趣

中职学生对当今社会信息和社会动态极为敏感。他们思维活跃,兴趣广泛,许多话题都能激起他们的好奇和共鸣。讲授的知识一旦能引起好奇和共鸣,他们就会在最大程度上来表现自己的热情。热情有了,学习动机也就有了。以第一册Unit1 Personal Information Section A为例,教师可以这样导入。

T:Most of the students in the class like watching TV. Do you know who she is?

Ss:Zhao Wei.

T:What does she do?

Ss:She is an actress and director.

T:Could you tell me anything else about Zhao Wei?

面对自己感兴趣的明星,学生一下子就处于兴奋状态中。这种话题触到学生的兴奋点,整个课堂充满他们想说的欲望,调动其学习兴趣。

(四)个人经历导入,满足好奇心

学生对教师有种好奇心,当教师在叙述自己个人经历时,他们会非常专心地听。教师的自我叙述能否成功,关键在于教师经历过的事件能否满足学生的好奇心。如果学生的好奇心一旦得到满足,那么好奇心就能转变为学习的动机。如教Chapter19 Having a Party时,教师可以介绍自己是怎样过生日来导入文章。

When my birthday comes,I often invite some friends to my birthday party. My mother buys a cake for me and cooks delicious food,such as noodles,eggs,and so on. Before we eat the cake,my friends sing the song for me. After we had a good meal,we play games. I always have a good time during my birthday.

这种导入方式不仅可以在较短时间内使学生和教师互相了解,同时又可巧妙地呈现新课内容,引起学生对新知识的渴求。

(五)事例导入,引起学生的关注

用生活中的事例,如身边发生的事情,电视报道的新闻都可以当导入素材,以话家常的方式与学生交谈。以第二册Unit 6 Traffic Section B A Terrible Traffic Accident为例,教师可以利用在上班路上看到的交通事故来导入课文。

On my way to school,I saw a traffic accident happen. A young man was riding a bike. He wanted to cross the road. Maybe he would be late for work. He was in a hurry. He didn’t look around when he crossed the road. Just at that moment a truck was coming along the road. The driver was driving too fast. He didn’t see the man until it was too late. The truck hit the bike. The young man on the bike fell off. Luckily,the man wasn’t badly hurt. But he couldn’t walk. Today we are going to learn something about a terrible traffic accident.

运用身边发生的事情导入,因为是和学生的生活紧密相关,所以学生听的时候就会特别认真,很想知道课文里那场可怕的交通事故,从而引发学生的好奇心和内在学习的动机。

(六)问题导入,引发学生主动参与探究

教师在课堂上一开始就提出一个问题或疑问,在学生试答之后引出教学内容,这种导入方式的最大优势就是可以激发学生的兴趣和动机。因为问题和疑问使学生产生一种对答的需求,而随后的讲授又形成对学生需求的满足。仍以A Terrible Traffic Accidents为例。

T:Have you seen a traffic accident?

Ss:Yes,we have.

T:Do you know why many traffic accidents happen?

Ss:The drivers were too careless. They drove too fast.

T:Good. You’ve got the answers. You know more and more people have bought cars. At the same time,accidents are getting more and more. Could you tell the drivers what to do and what not to do when driving?(板书Dos & Don’ts)(学生分组合作讨论,小组发言人作记录。教师巡回指导。五分钟后)

T:Now which group will come first?

G5:We’ll tell them to drive carefully,not to drive too fast.

T:Good ideas.(重复并板书Drive carefully. Don’t drive too fast.)

G4:We’ll tell them to pay attention to the road signs. Such as, traffic lights.

T:That’s right. Look out for the road signs.(板书)

G1:That is,don’t think about other things when driving. It is very dangerous.

T:Yes. It’s very dangerous.(板书Don’t think about other things)

G7:We will tell them to drive by the right side.

T:Ok. But it may be better say “drive by the side” because in some countries people drive by the right like China and USA. But they drive by the left side like….(故意停顿,有学生兴奋地答Britain)Yes,Britain. So(板书Drive by the right side)

G2:Don’t make phone calls when driving.

T:Exactly true. Using a mobile phone is really dangerous.(板书)

G6:Be careful when they turn left or right.(板书)

G3:We’ll ask them not to drive if they drink.

T:I agree with you. A lot of accidents happen because the drivers think too much.(板书,这时学生补充Don’t drive after taking medicine.)Oh? Could you tell me why?

S:Because you will feel sleepy after you take medicine. And if you drive,it will be surely dangerous.

T:I see.(板书)You’ve given so much good advice. I think it is helpful when I drive.

由此看来,以“问题意识”导入是外语教学的真正灵魂,应贯穿于英语教学的始终。而探究型结构教学不仅是为了解问题,同时也是为发挥出更深入的问题。因为学生的探究好奇心是促进创造性思维的强大动力。

(七)悬念导入,引发学生兴趣

大部分学生喜欢听故事,教师应充分利用这点。在教授故事性课文时,可讲述一些重要情节,通过启发性问题,在高潮处设置一个悬念,激发学生对故事的发展和人物命运的关切心情,从而达到教学目的。以Christmas Party on Ice(Extra Reading)为例,教师边出示图片,边讲述故事。

Once there was a rich businessman. He lived in a big house beside a beautiful river. Every year Christmas time was covered with really thick ice. One could easily walk across it. He decided to have a big Christmas party on the ice. He would have all the furniture and carpets in his living room carried out on to the ice. He sent out invitations to all his important friends,and on Christmas Day they had a wonderful time. He had drunk a lot during the day,so he didn’t wake up early the next morning. But a strange thing happened. What happened? If you want to know the result,please read the story as quickly as you can.

教师故意把故事讲到一半就停止,在这里设置了一个悬念。学生因为很想了解第二天早上发生的事情和故事的结局,学生的这种心理激起了他们对本课课文学习的兴趣,为新课学习做了良好的铺垫。

综上所述,优化Lead-in设计能激发学生的参与和学习兴趣、营造轻松愉快的课堂氛围、增强学生对英语语言材料的感知能力。同时,也让学生在课堂教学过程中成为学习的真正主人,最大限度地调动学生学习的积极性,让中职英语课堂充满交际活力,使课堂成为学生的家园、乐园、成功园。

参考文献:

[1]胡春洞.《英语教学法》.高等教育出版社,1988

[2]王才仁.《英语教学交际论》.广西教育出版社,1996

[3]章兼中.《英语教育学》.浙江教育出版社,1993

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