未来:消除“谈乙肝色变”观念势在必行

In China， there is an old saying that health is the capital of every business. Health is always the top priority in human history. Without a healthy body， there will not be a whole life and successful career.

To improve the health of the whole nation， realize the dream of popularized medicine service and get away from the suffering of diseases are the pursuits of human beings. If the morbidity rate of hepatitis B is not that high， the panic brought by it is not that widespread and the phenomena of HBVER discrimination do not exist， there is a possibility that people will treat hepatitis B as a cold. In 2006 when American biologist Baruch Blumberg visited China， he said he was “sorry” for his discovery of Hepatitis B testing technology because “it caused so many Chinese people into an awkward circumstance”.

在中国，有句老话，“身体是革命的本钱”，健康自古便是人类的永恒主题，没有健康的身体就谈不上完整的人生，成功的事业。

提高全民健康水平，实现病有所医的理想，远离病痛的折磨，是全人类的共同追求。如果没有乙肝的高致病率，没有乙肝带来全球恐慌，没有乙肝个体遭歧视现象的出现……或许，人们对待乙肝也会像对待感冒一样泰然若之。2006年，美国生物学专家布林伯格访问中国时，曾为自己发现乙肝检测技术感到“遗憾”，因为他觉得，“导致了这么多中国人面临如此尴尬的境地”。

HBVER discrimination is a mass discrimination rare-seen in modern society

乙肝歧视是现代社会规模罕见的

群体性歧视

In China， Hepatitis B is also called China’s first disease. Infant carriers cannot go to kindergarten， student carriers cannot have further study and graduates and job hunters are all subject to discrimination.

In 2003， Zhang Xianzhu， a graduate in Anhui Province， China， participated in the national examination of civil servant of Anhui Province. He ranked first both in the written exam and the interview but got rejected for he was found infected with Hepatitis B viruses in the physical examination. Later on， he formally filed an administrative proceeding to the court to sue that the personnel department “discriminates against Hepatitis B patients”. At last， the court’s verdict was that the decision of the personnel department was lack of evidence. This was China’s first case of HBVER discrimination. Zhou Yizhao， who graduated from Zhejiang University of China， had a similar experience. In 2003， Zhou Yichao was found positive for Hepatitis B test in the physical examination of civil servant and got rejected. Out of rage， Zhou Yichao stabbed one cadre of the personnel department to death and another one to injury. Actually， the cases of HBVER discrimination are not limited to Zhou Yichao and Zhang Xianzhu. Similar cases can be found everywhere on the Internet.

乙肝，在中国有“中国第一病”的称号。乙肝携带者不能上幼儿园，不能升学，毕业生和求职者遭歧视。

2003年，中国安徽青年张先著大学毕业后，参加安徽省的国家考务员考试，笔试、面试成绩均第一的他，却因在体检中查出感染乙肝病毒，被弃取。随后，他将一纸诉状正式向法院提起行政诉讼，状告人事部门“歧视乙肝患者”，最终法院认为安徽省芜湖市人事局取消张先著进入考核程序资格的行政行为证据不足。这也被称为中国“乙肝歧视”第一案。中国浙江大学毕业生周一超有着跟张先著一样的遭遇，2003年，周一超在公务员考试体检过程中，被查出“小三阳”而被认定不合格，周一超激愤之下，将区人事局干部一人刺伤一人刺死，周一超也被判处死刑。其实，关于乙肝歧视的案例远不止周一超、张先著，搜罗各大网站，类似案例比比皆是。

In China， Hepatitis B virus carriers suffer the most severe kind of employment discrimination （among location， age， nationality， gender， education， Aids， farmer’s background， etc.） The government has many restrictions on Hepatitis B patients in written forms. For instance， they cannot donate blood or organs， cannot be directly employed by food and tableware industries， and cannot work in kindergartens or other special industries in the army. They are not advised to work in health care industry. From 2007， the Chinese government began to seek every possible means to provide legal basis for the protection of the rights of Hepatitis B virus carriers. However， it is not easy to eliminate the discrimination of the public to Hepatitis B virus carriers. Out of concern of the safety of public health， it is common that countries have certain stipulations that Hepatitis B virus carriers cannot directly work in food industries. But in the USA and Japan， there are also cases that employees in food industries do not have to take the health check of liver.

中国乙肝病毒携带者受到的就业歧视是所有就业歧视中（如地域、年龄、户口、性别、学历、艾滋病、农民等等）最严重的一种。在书面上，政府对乙肝患者的生活有诸多限制性规定，比如不能献血或捐献器官，不能从事直接接触食品、餐具的行业，不能就职于幼儿园，不适宜军队中的某些特种行业，不建议从事保健行业等等。虽然从2007年开始，中国政府开始寻求各种手段，为保护乙肝病毒携带者的权益提供法律依据。但是要根本上消除公众对乙肝病毒携带者普遍受歧视的现状并不是一件容易的事。世界上的其他国家出于公共卫生安全的需要，对于乙肝病毒携带者不能直接接触食品、餐具行业的规定较为常见。但也有在美国、日本的餐饮行业工作无需肝脏检查的个案。

“Hepatitis B fighters”

fight for rights

“乙肝斗士”为权益而战

In July， 2012， a Hepatitis B fighter from Shanghai Lei Chuang went to Guangzhou. This time he came because of the slogan of a hotpot store “one person， one pot to prevent Hepatitis B”. Actually， Hepatitis B will not get transmitted via eating together. This slogan is misleading. Lei Chuang asked the restaurant to take off the slogan. He put up a sign in front of the restaurant to find a person to eat with him. After the broadcast of the news， there are 13 people remained to eat with Lei Chuang.

Lei Chuang is a Hepatitis B virus carrier. In his first year at middle school， Lei Chuang and his elder brother were found out to be Hepatitis B virus carriers. His mother was concerned with their situation and was afraid that they might be discriminated against. In 2007， his mother’s concerns became reality. Lei Chuang’s brother was rejected by a national enterprise because he was a Hepatitis B virus carrier. Lei Chuang felt greatly hurt in the misfortune of his brother and the grief of his mother. He thought that if Hepatitis B discrimination continued to exist， there would be more parents to experience the same with his own parents because there is a family and a pair of parents of every Hepatitis B virus carrier.

2012年6月，来自中国上海的乙肝斗士雷闯来到广州，这次他是为某涮涮锅店的“一人一锅预防乙肝”的宣传标语而来。在他看来，乙肝不会通过共餐传播，此广告有误导嫌疑，要求餐厅撤下广告，于是在门口举起牌子征人共餐，活动消息后，最终有13人愿意留下进餐。

雷闯，乙肝病毒携带者，初一那年，雷闯和哥哥都被查出是乙肝病毒携带者，得知消息后，母亲总担心他们会因此受到歧视。2007年，母亲的担心成为了现实：雷闯的哥哥因被查出患有乙肝“大三阳”而被一家国企弃用。哥哥的遭遇，母亲的伤心，开始刺痛雷闯。他想，“如果乙肝歧视仍然存在，会有更多的父母会变成我现在的父母，因为每一个受乙肝歧视的孩子身后都有一对父母，都有一个家。”

So， Lei Chuang launched a series of actions for rights keeping. In these years， Lei Chuang looked for people to eat together all over China and launched activities of Hepatitis B virus carriers looking for people to eat together. He called on schools not to discriminate Hepatitis B virus carriers and persuade units not to check Hepatitis B. He tried his best to fight for the rights of Hepatitis B virus carriers.

Professor Cai Dingjian of China University of Political Science and Law said： “For an individual， the healthy development involves two equal chances. One is the equal chance of education and the other is the equal chance of employment. The importance of Lei Chuang lies in the fact that he is a social actor who bravely rips a breach in the current discrimination in the education field and he made a voice for the numerous Hepatitis B virus carriers.” In July， 2009， the Chinese government issued Regulations for the Implementation of Food Safety Law which stipulated that Hepatitis B virus carriers are no longer forbidden to work in food industry. After a month’s effort， Lei Chuang became the first Hepatitis B virus carrier who holds a health certificate in food industry.

In 2006， Chinese popular star Andy Lau confirmed that he has been a Hepatitis B virus carrier since he was young. In taking part in the promoting activities of hepatitis prevention and treatment， he promoted the knowledge of Hepatitis B prevention with demonstration and acted as an ambassador for preventing and controlling Hepatitis B. Andy Lau said： “Hepatitis B can only be contagious by the contact of blood and body fluid and not by other kinds of body contact including eating together and courtesy kissing. Therefore we should not discriminate against Hepatitis B patients.”

为此，他开始了一系列维权行动。多年来，雷闯在全国各地“征人吃饭”，并举办“乙肝病毒携带者请人吃饭”活动，呼吁各高校在高考录取过程中不要有乙肝歧视，建议招聘单位不要检查乙肝等，以一己之力为乙肝患者维权。

中国政法大学蔡定剑教授对雷闯这样评价：“从个体来讲，一个人的一生要得到正常的发展，健康的发展，需要有两个公平的机会，一个是教育的机会平等，一个是就业的机会平等。雷闯的意义就在于，他勇敢地在教育领域里面对现有的歧视现象撕开了一个口子，为他身后数量庞大的乙肝病毒携带者发出呐喊的一个社会行动者。”2009年7月，中国政府颁布了《食品安全法实施条例》，规定乙肝病毒携带者不再被禁止从事食品餐饮工作。经过一个多月的折腾，虽然是乙肝携带者的雷闯，成为了中国第一位获得食品行业工作健康证的乙肝病毒携带者。

2006年，自爆“从小就是乙肝病毒携带者”的中国当红影视明星刘德华，在参加肝炎防治宣传教育活动时，以身示范推广乙肝防治知识，并担任了“全国乙肝防治宣传大使”。刘德华说：“乙肝只会因为血液、体液等接触而传染，不会因为握手等身体接触就传染，其实包括一起吃饭、礼节性亲吻都不会传染，大家不应该对乙肝病人有歧视。”

The elimination of

“HBVER discrimination”：

Just around the corner

消除“乙肝歧视”，指日可待

In contrast with the HBVER discrimination in China， in European countries， people hold a more calm and objective attitude towards Hepatitis B patients and seldom discriminate against them.

相对于中国的“谈肝色变”，欧美各国对待乙肝患者的态度则更为冷静客观，对乙肝患者，也很少出现歧视现象。

Hepatitis B virus was first found in aboriginal Australians. However， according to Australian law， except the professions of health and medical care， professions do not have definite restrictions on Hepatitis B virus carriers. In Australia， the Management Practice on Aids and Hepatitis in Workplaces stipulates that the relationship of employment should be reached on the basis of the employees’ virtue and ability and not on the basis whether they have Hepatitis B or not.

On the website of the English government， there is a description about Hepatitis B virus carriers： “A lot of people are worried that they may get the disease at work. However， in most professions， there is no risk of getting the disease. It is absolutely safe for the normal contact of sociality and work.” From this， we can see that the English government holds a very objective attitude towards Hepatitis B virus carriers. A Chinese student studying in England said that he held a health certificate in China stating that he is a Hepatitis B virus carrier. However， the certificate is not used in England for people there do not discriminate against the disease. They do not care about it.

In Switzerland， there is a high standard for the recruitment of civil servants but the test does not include Hepatitis B. Officials in the education bureau of Switzerland said that in terms of going to school or kindergarten in Switzerland， children and students are not forced to show their health certificate. And in Switzerland， the test for Hepatitis B is a special service not included in ordinary tests.

虽然乙肝病毒最早在澳大利亚土著人身上被发现，现在的澳大利亚，相关法律只限制了乙肝病毒携带者不能从事健康和医护的相关工作，对其他行业并没有明确限制。澳大利亚《工作场所艾滋病和肝炎管理实践准则》规定，雇佣关系的达成只基于雇员的个人品德和工作能力，而是否患有乙肝则不能作为影响因素。

在英国的政府网站上，对乙肝病毒携带者的表述是：“很多人担心自己有可能在工作中被传染上此类疾病，但在绝大部分职业中，不存在任何传染和被传染的危险。一般的日常社会交往和工作接触是完全安全的。”可见，英国政府对待乙肝病毒携带者的态度是非常客观的。据留学英国的中国学生反映：“在国内弄了个什么健康证，写着携带，来了英国这个证从来都没有见过天日，英国不歧视这个，携带这个也不传染，人家完全不care。”

虽然瑞士对公务员的录取要求很高，但也并不包含乙肝检测。在入学方面，瑞士相关教育局官员表示，瑞士的学校和幼儿园并不会强制要求学生和儿童出示健康证明，而且在瑞士，对乙肝病毒的检查属于特殊服务，普通化验并不包含这一项。

Asian and African countries are the “disastrous areas”. It cannot be said that there is no discrimination phenomenon but the number is quite few.

There are over 1 million Hepatitis B patients in Japan but there are few cases of Hepatitis B discrimination in finding jobs and entering school. Even in food industry， employers have no right to ask employees to take liver tests. Except in some special industries， the Japanese government does not ask employees to take Hepatitis B virus test in recruiting civil servants.

In Vietnam， there are similar orientation checks just like in China， especially for the employees for government offices who have to take the health examination organized by the offices. Hepatitis B test in not included in the health examinations for candidates for college entrance examination. The number of Hepatitis B patients in India is only second to that in China. According to the Chinese people working and living in India， they have not heard about the cases of discriminating against Hepatitis B patients. Similarly， In ROK， Hepatitis B patients and Hepatitis B virus carriers are restricted to serve in the army. Except that， government does not forbid Hepatitis B patients to enter school or work.

亚洲和非洲国家是乙肝感染的“重灾区”，虽然不能说完全没有歧视观念的存在，但很少。

日本虽然有100多万的乙肝患者，但因患有乙肝而在就业、上学方面受到阻碍的案例却鲜有出现。甚至在餐饮行业，雇主也没有权力要求雇员必须进行肝五项检查，除了医疗等一些特殊行业之外，日本政府在录用公务员时也不会要求雇员进行乙肝病毒检查。

在越南，也有与中国类似的入职体检，特别是进入国家机关工作的应聘者，他们都要参加单位组织的集体体检。但目前，在越南很少看到因为携带乙肝病毒而被公司辞退的案例。此外，乙肝检测并不在高考生的体检项目之内。印度的乙肝患者之多仅次于中国，但据在印度当地工作和生活多年的华人表示，没有在印度听说有歧视乙肝患者的现象。同样，在韩国，除了韩国政府曾经限制乙肝患者和乙肝病毒携带者服兵役之外，政府也没有明文规定限制乙肝患者入学和就业。

With the increasingly deepen knowledge of liver disease of the public in recent years， the Chinese government has started to set up related laws to oppose “HBVER discrimination”. The Medical Common Standard for Civil Servant （on trial） issued in 2005 formally abolished the restrictions to Hepatitis B virus carriers. Employment Promotion Law made in 2007 explicitly stipulated for the first time that employers cannot reject employees for the reason of being a Hepatitis B virus carrier to protect the employment rights of Hepatitis B patients and to promote fairness in employment. The Food Safety Law issued in 2009 abolished the restrictions to Hepatitis B virus carriers stipulated by the original Food Safety Law. The Implementing Regulation explicitly distinguished Hepatitis B （blood-borne diseases） from other gastrointestinal diseases like hepatitis A， hepatitis E and allows Hepatitis B patients and virus carriers to work in food industry.

随着近几年民众对肝病的了解逐渐加深，中国政府也着手建立相关法律反对“乙肝歧视”。2005年的《公务员录用体检通用标准（试行）》，正式取消对乙肝携带者的限制。2007年的《就业促进法》第一次明确规定，用人单位招用人员，不得以是传染病病原携带者为由拒绝录用。2007年下发的《关于维护乙肝表面抗原携带者就业权利的意见》，也要求切实维护乙肝表面抗原携带者就业权利，促进公平就业。另外，2009年颁布的《中华人民共和国食品安全法》，其中删除了原《食品卫生法》对肝炎病原携带者的限制；随后通过的《实施条例》更是明确区分了甲肝、戊肝等消化道传染病和乙肝（血液传染病），将乙肝及其携带者从禁止从事入口食品的岗位名单中剔除。

Postscripts：

后记：

From Hepatitis B vaccines to HBVER discrimination， what we have seen is the fear of Hepatitis B has twisted human’s morality. The sea can hold the water from thousands of rivers； it's big because of its capacity. Everyone should open their hearts and have a fair opinion towards Hepatitis B virus and the psychological needs of Hepatitis B patients， which is the manifestation of modern civilization.

Different countries hold different opinions towards Hepatitis B virus carriers. Some are tolerant， some are discriminative. We believe that human’s nature is kind and things are developing. We hope that the continuously improved systems， medical technology and public’s knowledge of Hepatitis B can totally get rid of HBVER discrimination and give Hepatitis B virus carriers a bright future.

从乙肝疫苗到乙肝歧视，我们看到更多的是，人们对于乙肝病毒的恐惧，对于人性道德的绑架。“海纳百川，有容乃大”，每个人敞开心扉，正视乙肝病毒的危害性，正视乙肝患者的心理需求，正视乙肝恐慌带来的社会问题，让歧视不再发生，或许才是现代文明的体现。

虽然，各国对待乙肝携带者的态度不同，有些宽容，有些带有明显的“歧视”色彩，但人心总归向善，事态永是向前，我们寄希望不断完善的制度体系，不断进步的医学技术，不断普及的知识宣传，让乙肝歧视“无所遁形”，还给乙肝携带者一个晴天。