浅谈科技英语论文写作中的分类与例证

收稿日期：2006-09-11

作者简介：江华圣 (1946―)，男，福建闽侯人，武汉科技大学中南分校信息工程学院副教授。

（武汉科技大学中南分校 信息工程学院，湖北武汉430223）

摘要：本文针对科技英语论文的特点，论述了科技英语论文常用的分类与例证写作方法，对其常用句型的结构、特点进行了分析并给出了多种不同形式的应用实例。

关键词：科技英语论文写作；分类；例证

科技英语论文是科技人员介绍有关研究成果的文章，整体结构上通常包括标题（Title）、作者（Author）、摘要（Abstract）、关键字（Keyword）、正文部分（通常由引言Introduction、主体Body和结论Conclusion构成）以及致谢（Acknowledgment）和参考文献（Reference）等几个部分。

文章的主体是科技论文的 核心部分，是主题思想的展开和论述。科技英语论文在选材上要围绕主题，段落划分既要结构严谨，又要保证全文的整体性和连贯性。作者可根据需要在文章中加小标题，将主体内容分为几个部分进行论述。科技论文的英文写作通常把每段的主体句（Topic Sentence）放在段落的第一句，全段围绕主体句论述。分类与例证是科技论文写作中常用的写作方法

一、分类(Classifying)

Introduction

The early stages of scientific research involve making observations and gathering information. However, merely collecting facts is not enough. The scientist needs to arrange and classify the facts and to find relationships among them.

The word classification comes from the word class――meaning a group of things that all have one important element in common. Scientists group related information into an array. Chemists, for example, cannot study every element, but can make generalizations by arranging all the elements into groups with related properties. This, if iodine is identified as belonging to the same group as chlorine and bromine, its properties can be predicted. Similarly, since there are several million kinds of plants and animals on earth, it is clearly impossible to study each one. However, by classifying an animal as a member of a particular group, or species, a biologist can predict its characteristics. Classification is thus very basic to scientific thought and expressions.

Sentence Patterns

1、Classifying form general to specific

Application Examples

1、There are (number) types of NP（Noun Phrases）

There are several types of non-impact printers called thermal and electro sensitive printers (electrostatic printers).

有几类非击打式打印机,称为热敏式打印机和电灼式打印机(静电式打印机)。

2、 NP be of (number) types

(1)Magnetic disks are of two kinds, namely floppy and hard.

磁盘有两种类型,即软磁盘和硬磁盘。

3、be divided

be subdivided

NP be classified

into (number) types

be grouped

fall

(1) Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories: system software and application software.

计算机软件可大体上分为两类:系统软件和应用软件。

(2) The hard disks, in turn, are subdivided into fixed head and moving-head disks which are either cartridge or pack.

硬磁盘本身又细分为固定磁头磁盘和活动磁头磁盘,后者又分为盒式磁盘或磁盘组两种。

(3) MOS technologies can be classified PMOS, NMOS, and CMOS.

MOS技术可分为PMOS、NMOS和CMOS类。

(4)These routines are conveniently grouped three classes: task management, job management，data management.

这些程序可方便地划分为三类:任务管理程序、业务管理程序和数据管理程序。

(5)Secondary memory devices fall into two categories: sequential devices and random-access device

辅助存储器分为两类:顺序访问设备和随机访问设备。

4、be classified

NP be classed

as

be categorized

(1)Line printers may be classified as impact printers and no impact printers.

行式打印机可分为击打式打印机和非击打式打印机。

(2)The machine instruction functions can be roughly classed as: data transfers. arithmetic and logic operations on data, program sequencing controls and input/output transfers.

机器指令的功能可粗略地分为下列几类:数据传送、数据的算术和逻辑运算、程序顺序的控制以及输入和输出传送。

二、 例证 (Exemplifying)

Introduction

After giving a definition or making any general statement, the best way to clarify a point is to give an example of it. A Chinese proverb says that a picture is worth a thousand words(百闻不如一见), It might also be said that one example is worth a thousand explanations（事实胜于雄辩）. An example brings the general or abstract statement down to a specific or concrete image. For example, it is one thing to say that smoking is bad for your health and another to say that a regular smoker loses about five and a half minutes of life expectancy for each cigarette smoked. The example adds impact, making the statement more memorable, and more persuasive, as well as providing evidence for it.

Scientists use examples to explain or clarify a concept and to give evidence to support it. Examples can sometimes seem to test the validity of a point. If no example can be found to illustrate a point, there may not be a point.

Sentence Patterns

For example,

For instance,

iron turn red when it is heated.

= Iron, for example, turns red when heated.

To be specific,

To illustrate,

an example

a case

Iron is

of a substance that turns red when heated.

an instance

an illustration

exemplifies

Iron

the concept of heat affecting color.

illustrates

exemplified

= The concept of heat affecting color is

by iron.

illustrated

such as

Solids

iron and copper turn red when heated.

like

For example/for instance/ e.g.

NP be an example of NP

an example (of NP)is NP

Examples (of NP) are NP

as an example (of NP)

take NP as an example

take for example NP

give an example of NP

regard NP as an example

such as

（NP is short for Noun Phrase）

Application Examples

for example/for instance/ e.g.

1、 Computers can process information at extremely rapid rates. Modern computers can solve certain classes of arithmetic problems millions of times faster than a skilled mathematician.

计算机能以极快的速率处理信息，例如现代计算机能以比熟练的数学家快数百万倍的速度求解某些类型算术问题。

2、 For instance, terminals with both video screen and hard -copy output are now available.

例如，带有显示屏幕并且能输出硬拷贝的终端当前正在应用。

3、 Airline ticket reservation is one obvious example of real time.

航空公司的订票处理系统是实时处理的一个明显的例子。

4、 An example of sequential devices is the magnetic tape.

顺序访问设备的一个例子是磁带。

5、 As an example of a simple computer program let's assume that we wish to solve the problem of finding the sum of two numbers using a computer.

举一个简单的计算机程序的例子,假定有用计算机求解两数之和的问题。

6、The memory of a computer equipped with base and current page addressing mechanism is logically divided into regions of a fixed length called pages. Take for example ...

具有基址和现行页寻址机构的计算机内存储器，逻辑上划分为若干页面，每个页面是定长的存储区。……可以作为一个例子。

7、We may regard a personal file of an employer as an example.

我们可以把雇主的个人文件作为一个例子。

8、There are also attempts at"universal"languages, such as PL/1,that can manipulate many types of objects.

曾有过研制“通用”语言的尝试,PL/1就是一个例子,这种“通用”语言可以处理许多对象类型。

除了分类与例证的写作方法以外，科技英语论文常用的写作方法还有：比较（Comparing）、因果（Cause and Effect）、假设（Hypothesizing）、定义（Defining）、证明（Giving Evidence）、实验（Experiment）、计算（Calculating）、报告（Reporting）、记述（Describing）和预测（Predicting）等。

此外，为了保证论文内部应有的内部联系，文章中应适当使用一些连接词语，例如：

并列：and 、also、in addition、as well as

转折：although、even though、but、on the other hand、otherwise、 while、yet、in spite of

承接：first of all、secondly、thirdly、furthermore、moreover、besides、finally

条件：if ,whether、unless, on condition that、so long as

原因：for、because、for that reason、as、since、in order to

结果：as a result of 、hence、so 、consequently、thus、therefore、then

总结：in conclusion、to sum up 、to summarize、to conclude

参考文献

[1] 江华圣. 信息技术专业英语[M]. 武汉： 武汉大学出版社,2006.

[2]王蕾. 新编计算机专业英语[M].乌鲁木齐：内蒙古大学出版社, 2002.